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Related Concept Videos

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Friedel–Crafts Acylation of Benzene01:11

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Friedel–Crafts Acylation of Benzene

The Friedel–Crafts acylation reactions involve the addition of an acyl group to an aromatic ring. These reactions proceed via electrophilic aromatic substitution by employing an acyl chloride and a Lewis acid catalyst such as aluminum chloride to form aryl ketone.
Limitations of Friedel–Crafts Reactions01:26

Limitations of Friedel–Crafts Reactions

Several restrictions limit the use of Friedel–Crafts reactions. First, the halogen in the alkyl halide must be attached to an sp3-hybridized carbon for the Friedel–Crafts reactions to occur. Vinyl or aryl halides do not react since the carbocations formed are unstable under the reaction conditions. Second, Friedel–Crafts alkylation is susceptible to carbocation rearrangement, and the major products obtained have a rearranged carbon skeleton. In contrast, the acylium ion is stabilized by...
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Friedel–Crafts Alkylation of Benzene01:17

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Friedel–Crafts Alkylation of Benzene

Friedel–Crafts reactions were developed in 1877 by the French chemist Charles Friedel and the American chemist James Crafts. Friedel–Crafts alkylation refers to the replacement of an aromatic proton with an alkyl group via electrophilic aromatic substitution. A Lewis acid catalyst such as aluminum chloride reacts with an alkyl halide to form a carbocation. The resulting carbocation then reacts with the aromatic ring and undergoes a series of electron rearrangements before giving the final...
Preparation of Alkynes: Alkylation Reaction02:27

Preparation of Alkynes: Alkylation Reaction

Introduction
Alkylation of terminal alkynes with primary alkyl halides in the presence of a strong base like sodium amide is one of the common methods for the synthesis of longer carbon-chain alkynes. For example, treatment of 1-propyne with sodium amide followed by reaction with ethyl bromide yields 2-pentyne.
Amines to Amides: Acylation of Amines01:19

Amines to Amides: Acylation of Amines

Various carboxylic acid derivatives (such as acid chlorides, esters, and anhydrides) can be used for the acylation of amines to yield amides. The reaction requires two equivalents of amines. The first amine molecule functions as a nucleophile and attacks the carbonyl carbon to produce a tetrahedral intermediate. This is followed by the loss of the leaving group and restoration of the C=O bond.
Next, the second equivalent of amine serves as a Brønsted base and deprotonates the quaternary amide...
Acetals and Thioacetals as Protecting Groups for Aldehydes and Ketones01:24

Acetals and Thioacetals as Protecting Groups for Aldehydes and Ketones

Acetals are formed by reacting two equivalents of alcohol with carbonyl compounds like aldehydes or ketones. Acetals are unaffected by bases, nucleophiles, oxidizing agents, and reducing agents. They serve as protecting groups for aldehydes and ketones. Acetals can be easily formed and also easily removed via mild acid hydrolysis.
In the presence of multiple functional groups, when selective reduction of one group over the other is desired, groups like aldehydes and ketones that form acetals...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

Fabrication of Three-Dimensional Graphene-Based Polyhedrons via Origami-Like Self-Folding
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Fabrication of Three-Dimensional Graphene-Based Polyhedrons via Origami-Like Self-Folding

Published on: September 23, 2018

Friedel-Crafts acylation on graphene.

Chun Kiang Chua1, Martin Pumera

  • 1School of Physical and Mathematical Science, Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore.

Chemistry, an Asian Journal
|March 15, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Researchers chemically modified graphene oxide using a Friedel-Crafts reaction, creating a new method to tailor its properties for nanotechnology. This functionalization expands the synthetic options for advanced graphene applications.

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Development and Functionalization of Electrolyte-Gated Graphene Field-Effect Transistor for Biomarker Detection
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Development and Functionalization of Electrolyte-Gated Graphene Field-Effect Transistor for Biomarker Detection

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Fabrication of Three-Dimensional Graphene-Based Polyhedrons via Origami-Like Self-Folding
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Synthesis and Functionalization of 3D Nano-graphene Materials: Graphene Aerogels and Graphene Macro Assemblies
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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Organic Chemistry

Background:

  • Graphene is a promising material for nanotechnology and nanoarchitecture.
  • Chemical functionalization is key to tailoring graphene's properties.
  • Graphene's low reactivity necessitates effective functionalization methods.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report the covalent functionalization of reduced graphene oxide.
  • To utilize Friedel-Crafts reactions for graphene modification.
  • To establish mild reaction conditions for enhanced graphene synthesis.

Main Methods:

  • Covalent functionalization of reduced graphene oxide.
  • Employing Friedel-Crafts reactions with polyphosphoric acid/phosphorus pentoxide and 4-aminobenzoic acid.
  • Characterization using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), FTIR, and Raman spectroscopy.

Main Results:

  • Successful covalent functionalization of reduced graphene oxide was achieved.
  • Mild reaction conditions were established for the Friedel-Crafts reaction.
  • Characterization confirmed the successful modification of graphene.

Conclusions:

  • Friedel-Crafts reactions offer a viable route for graphene functionalization.
  • This method expands the synthetic toolbox for modifying graphene.
  • Tailored graphene materials can be developed for specific applications.