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Functional Groups

Functional Groups

Functional groups are a group of atoms with characteristic properties, which when linked to the carbon skeleton of a molecule, alter the properties of that molecule. For example, the presence of certain functional groups on a molecule will make them hydrophilic, whereas others will make them hydrophobic. These functional groups are an indispensable part of organic chemistry and important components of biological molecules, such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Each...

Functional Groups

Functional Groups

Functional groups are a group of atoms with characteristic properties, which when linked to the carbon skeleton of a molecule, alter the properties of that molecule. For example, the presence of certain functional groups on a molecule will make them hydrophilic, whereas others will make them hydrophobic. These functional groups are an indispensable part of organic chemistry and important components of biological molecules, such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Each...

Functional Groups

Functional Groups

Functional groups are a group of atoms with characteristic properties, which when linked to the carbon skeleton of a molecule, alter the properties of that molecule. For example, the presence of certain functional groups on a molecule will make them hydrophilic, whereas others will make them hydrophobic. These functional groups are an indispensable part of organic chemistry and important components of biological molecules, such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Each...

Introduction to Functional Groups

Introduction to Functional Groups

Functional groups are group of atoms with specific chemical properties that occur within organic molecules and sometimes denoted as “R”. Functional groups are found along the carbon backbone of macromolecules can form chains or rings of carbon atoms. Functional groups can “functionalize” a compound by enabling it to adopt different physical and chemical properties.
Types of common functional groups
The table below summarizes some of the major functional groups in organic chemistry. (The...

Overview of Functional Groups

Overview of Functional Groups

Functional groups are a group of atoms with characteristic properties, which when linked to the carbon skeleton of a molecule, alter the properties of that molecule. For example, certain functional groups will make a molecule hydrophilic, whereas others will make them hydrophobic. These functional groups are an indispensable part of organic chemistry and important components of biological molecules, such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Each functional group is a unique...

Overview of Advanced Functional Groups

Overview of Advanced Functional Groups

Functional groups are groups of atoms with specific chemical properties that occur within organic molecules and are sometimes denoted as “R”. Functional groups can “functionalize” a compound by enabling it to adopt different physical and chemical properties.
Types of Advanced Functional Groups
The table below summarizes some of the major functional groups in organic chemistry.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

Scalable Syntheses of Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide using Cascade Design Oxidation and Highly Basic Reduction Reactions

Scalable Syntheses of Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide using Cascade Design Oxidation and Highly Basic Reduction Reactions

Published on: July 3, 2025

On oxygen-containing groups in chemically modified graphenes.

Alessandra Bonanni¹, Adriano Ambrosi, Martin Pumera

¹Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371, Singapore.

Chemistry (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)

|March 15, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Chemically modified graphenes (CMGs) have crucial oxygen functionalities. This study comprehensively characterized ER-GO and TR-GO, revealing ER-GO

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Published on: November 5, 2015

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Electrochemistry
Nanotechnology

Background:

Chemically modified graphenes (CMGs) are vital research materials.
Oxygen functionalities significantly impact CMG properties.
Comprehensive characterization of these functionalities is often lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

To comprehensively characterize common CMGs (ER-GO, TR-GO, graphene oxide, graphite oxide).
To correlate CMG structure, oxygen functionalities, and electrochemical behavior.
To biofunctionalize CMGs and visualize carboxylic acid group distribution.

Main Methods:

High-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
UV/Vis spectroscopy
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
Voltammetry
Biofunctionalization with DNA-AuNP conjugates

Main Results:

ER-GO showed a predominance of functionalizable carboxylic acid groups (-COOH).
Higher gold (Au) content on ER-GO confirmed by voltammetry, impedance spectroscopy, and TEM.
DNA-AuNP conjugates effectively localized and visualized -COOH groups.

Conclusions:

Established connections between CMG structure, oxygen functionalities, and electrochemical properties.
Demonstrated ER-GO' s suitability for biofunctionalization due to abundant -COOH groups.
Provided a method for identifying the presence, nature, and distribution of oxygen functionalities on CMGs.