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Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
These groups modify specific amino acids in a protein.

Abnormal Proliferation

Abnormal Proliferation

Under normal conditions, most adult cells remain in a non-proliferative state unless stimulated by internal or external factors to replace lost cells. Abnormal cell proliferation is a condition in which the cell's growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with normal cells. In such situations, cell division persists in the same excessive manner even after cessation of the stimuli, leading to persistent tumors. The tumor arises from the damaged cells that replicate to pass the damage to the daughter...

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...

Negative Regulator Molecules

Negative Regulator Molecules

Positive regulators allow a cell to advance through cell cycle checkpoints. Negative regulators have an equally important role as they terminate a cell’s progression through the cell cycle—or pause it—until the cell meets specific criteria.

Regulated Protein Degradation

Regulated Protein Degradation

It is vital to regulate the activity of enzymatic as well as non-enzymatic proteins inside the cell. This can be achieved either through creating a balance between their rate of synthesis and degradation or regulating the intrinsic activity of the protein. Both these regulation mechanisms play an essential role in the normal functioning of cells.
Protein degradation plays two important roles in the cells. It helps to protect cells from misfolded or damaged proteins before they lead to a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

Purification of Ubiquitinated p53 Proteins from Mammalian Cells

Purification of Ubiquitinated p53 Proteins from Mammalian Cells

Published on: March 21, 2022

Regulation of p73 activity by post-translational modifications.

F Conforti¹, A E Sayan, R Sreekumar

¹Faculty of Medicine, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.

Cell Death & Disease

|March 16, 2012

Summary

The p73 protein, a p53 family member, has isoforms that regulate cell death and tumor suppression. Understanding p73

Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Cancer Biology
Genetics

Background:

The p73 protein is a crucial member of the p53 family, known for its role in tumor suppression.
p73 exists in multiple isoforms, including TAp73 (tumor suppressive) and ΔNp73 (inhibitory), influencing cellular responses to DNA damage.
The balance between TAp73 and ΔNp73 isoforms is critical for maintaining genomic stability and preventing cancer.

Purpose of the Study:

To review and summarize the current understanding of post-translational modifications regulating p73 protein activity.
To highlight the importance of p73 isoform balance in cellular responses to genomic insults.

Main Methods:

This review synthesizes existing literature on p73 post-translational regulation.
Focuses on pathways controlling p73 protein levels and activity.

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Yeast As a Chassis for Developing Functional Assays to Study Human P53

Yeast As a Chassis for Developing Functional Assays to Study Human P53

Published on: August 4, 2019

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Last Updated: May 24, 2026

Purification of Ubiquitinated p53 Proteins from Mammalian Cells

Purification of Ubiquitinated p53 Proteins from Mammalian Cells

Published on: March 21, 2022

Yeast As a Chassis for Developing Functional Assays to Study Human P53

Yeast As a Chassis for Developing Functional Assays to Study Human P53

Published on: August 4, 2019

Main Results:

p73 protein levels and function are tightly controlled through various post-translational regulatory pathways.
The ratio of tumor-suppressive TAp73 to inhibitory ΔNp73 isoforms is dynamically regulated.

Conclusions:

A comprehensive understanding of p73 post-translational modifications is essential for cancer research.
Targeting p73 regulatory pathways may offer novel strategies for cancer treatment and prevention.