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Updated: May 24, 2026

Qualitative and Quantitative Validation of Tools with Rating Scales Aimed at Assessing the Quality of University Service-Learning
Published on: August 29, 2025
Exploratory factor analysis of the Human Behavior Rating Scale: a rural population
Suzanne Woods-Groves1, Ronald C Eaves, Thomas O Williams
1Department of Teaching and Learning, Universityof Iowa, Iowa City, 52242-1529, USA. suzanne-woods-groves@uiowa.edu
Abstract:
The construct validity of Eaves' Human Behavior Rating Scale (HBRS) was investigated. The HBRS is a scale with 91 Likert-type items designed to measure five factors: arousal (persistence and curiosity), affect (externalizing and internalizing), and cognition. Forty-four teachers of Grades 6, 7, and 8 from two low socioeconomic and rural southern counties completed the HBRS for 320 of their students. Three parcels were submitted for analysis for each of the five dimensions. A five-factor, then a two-factor, solution were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis. A principal-axis factor analysis was employed and an oblique promax rotation was applied. The results supported the five-factor solution with 90.2% of the total variance accounted for when compared to the two-factor solution which recovered 73.4% of the total variance. Intercorrelations between factors ranged from .15 to .76 for the five-factor solution.
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