Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Muscle Stimulation Frequency

Muscle Stimulation Frequency

The contraction strength of muscles is regulated by motor neurons, which modulate the frequency of action potentials dispatched to the motor units based on the body's requirements. This process of varying the muscle stimulation frequency allows muscles to contract with a force that is precisely tailored to the needs of the moment, whether lifting a feather or a heavy box.
Wave summation
At low firing rates, motor neurons induce individual twitch contractions in muscle fibers. These twitches...

Hierarchy of Motor Control

Hierarchy of Motor Control

The hierarchy of motor control refers to the different levels of organization and processing involved in controlling movement in the body. These levels range from higher cortical areas involved in planning and decision-making to lower spinal cord reflexes that respond automatically to external stimuli.

Effects of feedback

Effects of feedback

Feedback in control systems plays a critical role in shaping various operational parameters, extending beyond simple error reduction to influence stability, bandwidth, gain, impedance, and sensitivity. Understanding these effects requires examining a basic feedback system characterized by defined input, output, error, and feedback signals.
Feedback significantly modifies the gain of a control system. The gain of a system without feedback is altered by a factor of one plus GH, where G represents...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

A Wearable Haptic Feedback System for Arm-Swing Amplitude Modulation During Overground Walking in Older Adults.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2026

Same author

Modulating arm swing via haptic cueing alters interlimb neural coupling in older adults.

Frontiers in physiology·2025

Same author

Beam walking increases gait velocity and reduces falls risk in older adults.

Experimental gerontology·2025

Same author

The Effects of Real-Time Haptic Feedback on Gait and Cognitive Load in Older Adults.

IEEE transactions on neural systems and rehabilitation engineering : a publication of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society·2025

Same author

Increasing thigh extension with haptic feedback affects leg coordination in young and older adult walkers.

Journal of biomechanics·2025

Same author

Utilizing Rhythmic Haptic Cueing in Arm Swing Training to Improve Gait Speed Among Older Adults.

Annals of biomedical engineering·2024

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

Investigating Motor Skill Learning Processes with a Robotic Manipulandum

Investigating Motor Skill Learning Processes with a Robotic Manipulandum

Published on: February 12, 2017

Interaction of feedback frequency and task difficulty in children's motor skill learning.

Ben Sidaway¹, Justin Bates, Barbara Occhiogrosso

¹Department of Physical Therapy, Husson University, Bangor, ME 04401, USA.

Physical Therapy

|March 17, 2012

Summary

Knowledge of results (KR) frequency impacts motor skill learning in children. Optimal learning depends on balancing KR with task difficulty, suggesting personalized practice conditions for effective skill acquisition.

More Related Videos

Force and Position Control in Humans - The Role of Augmented Feedback

Force and Position Control in Humans - The Role of Augmented Feedback

Published on: June 19, 2016

The "Motor" in Implicit Motor Sequence Learning: A Foot-stepping Serial Reaction Time Task

The "Motor" in Implicit Motor Sequence Learning: A Foot-stepping Serial Reaction Time Task

Published on: May 3, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 24, 2026

Investigating Motor Skill Learning Processes with a Robotic Manipulandum

Investigating Motor Skill Learning Processes with a Robotic Manipulandum

Published on: February 12, 2017

Force and Position Control in Humans - The Role of Augmented Feedback

Force and Position Control in Humans - The Role of Augmented Feedback

Published on: June 19, 2016

The "Motor" in Implicit Motor Sequence Learning: A Foot-stepping Serial Reaction Time Task

The "Motor" in Implicit Motor Sequence Learning: A Foot-stepping Serial Reaction Time Task

Published on: May 3, 2018

Area of Science:

Motor learning research
Pediatric motor skill development
Cognitive psychology in sports

Background:

High frequency of knowledge of results (KR) often hinders adult motor skill learning.
The impact of 100% KR on children's learning is less understood, with mixed findings for different populations.
Previous research indicates children with cerebral palsy benefit from less frequent KR, unlike typically developing children.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the interplay between KR frequency and task complexity in children.
To assess the effects on acquisition, retention, and transfer of a novel throwing skill.
To examine these factors in fourth- and fifth-grade typically developing children.

Main Methods:

Observational study design.
Children practiced a beanbag throwing task at varying complexity (walking vs. standing).
Two KR frequencies (33% and 100%) were applied, followed by retention and transfer tests.

Main Results:

For simpler tasks, 33% KR enhanced learning.
For more complex tasks, 100% KR facilitated learning.
Learning improvements were observed in both retention and transfer phases.

Conclusions:

Task complexity and KR frequency must be considered for optimal motor skill learning in children.
Practice conditions should be tailored to the cognitive processing capacity of the learner.
Findings inform strategies for effective motor skill instruction in pediatric populations.