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Related Concept Videos

RNA-seq03:21

RNA-seq

RNA sequencing, or RNA-Seq, is a high-throughput sequencing technology used to study the transcriptome of a cell. Transcriptomics helps to interpret the functional elements of a genome and identify the molecular constituents of an organism. Additionally, it also helps in understanding the development of an organism and the occurrence of diseases. 
Before the discovery of RNA-seq, microarray-based methods and Sanger sequencing were used for transcriptome analysis. However, while microarray-based...
Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
Ribosome Profiling02:24

Ribosome Profiling

Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
Applications of ribosome profiling
Ribosome profiling has many applications, including in vivo monitoring of translation inside a particular organ or tissue type and quantifying new protein synthesis levels.
The technique helps...
Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...
Next-generation Sequencing03:00

Next-generation Sequencing

The first human genome sequencing project cost $2.7 billion and was declared complete in 2003, after 15 years of international cooperation and collaboration between several research teams and funding agencies. Today, with the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies, the cost and time of sequencing a human genome have dropped over 100 fold.
Next-Generation Sequencing Methods
Although all next-generation methods use different technologies, they all share a set of standard features.
Bacterial Transcription01:53

Bacterial Transcription

RNA polymerase (RNAP) carries out DNA-dependent RNA synthesis in both bacteria and eukaryotes. Bacteria do not have a membrane-bound nucleus. So, transcription and translation occur simultaneously, on the same DNA template.
Transcription can be divided into three main stages, each involving distinct DNA sequences to guide the polymerase. These are:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

Identification of Key Factors Regulating Self-renewal and Differentiation in EML Hematopoietic Precursor Cells by RNA-sequencing Analysis
12:44

Identification of Key Factors Regulating Self-renewal and Differentiation in EML Hematopoietic Precursor Cells by RNA-sequencing Analysis

Published on: November 11, 2014

Comment on "Widespread RNA and DNA sequence differences in the human transcriptome".

Wei Lin1, Robert Piskol, Meng How Tan

  • 1Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|March 17, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Investigating RNA and DNA sequence differences in human cells is crucial. Further analysis is needed to confirm true biological variations versus potential sequencing artifacts.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Recent studies suggest significant differences between RNA and DNA sequences within human cells.
  • These reported variations encompass all 12 possible mismatch types, challenging established molecular principles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically evaluate the findings of Li et al. regarding RNA-DNA sequence differences.
  • To determine if reported variations represent true biological differences or are artifacts of sequencing and analysis.

Main Methods:

  • Re-analysis of existing sequencing data from Li et al.
  • Comparative analysis of RNA and DNA sequences using advanced bioinformatics tools.
  • Identification and characterization of sequence discrepancies.

Main Results:

  • Preliminary analysis indicates potential artifacts contributing to reported RNA-DNA sequence differences.
  • The prevalence and nature of all 12 mismatch types require rigorous verification.
  • Distinguishing true biological variation from technical noise is essential.

Conclusions:

  • The fundamental claim of widespread RNA-DNA sequence differences warrants further investigation.
  • Robust validation is necessary before accepting these findings as biologically significant.
  • Future research should focus on refining methods to accurately assess RNA-DNA sequence fidelity.