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Related Concept Videos

Fates of Pyruvate01:20

Fates of Pyruvate

Pyruvate is the end product of glycolysis, where glucose is oxidized to pyruvate, simultaneously reducing NAD+ to NADH. Two molecules of ATP are also produced by substrate-level phosphorylation.
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Lactic acid, an important organic acid extensively applied in food, pharmaceutical, and biodegradable polymer industries, is primarily produced via microbial fermentation. This method is favored over chemical synthesis due to its environmental sustainability and capacity for enantiomerically pure product formation. Among various microbial processes, the fermentation of starch-based substrates stands out due to the abundance and renewability of raw materials like corn and potatoes.Hydrolysis of...
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Glycolysis: Preparatory Phase

In cellular metabolism (the complete breakdown of glucose to extract energy),  glycolysis is the first step. Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Glucose enters heterotrophic cells in two ways. One method is through secondary active transport, where the transport takes place against the glucose concentration gradient. The other mechanism uses a group of integral proteins called GLUT proteins, also known as glucose transporter proteins. These...
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Polysaccharides such as glycogen and starch are synthesized from nucleoside diphosphate sugars, primarily uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPG) and adenosine diphosphate glucose (ADPG). These activated glucose donors act as key intermediates in carbohydrate metabolism and biosynthesis. UDPG primarily involves glycogen synthesis in animals and many bacteria, while ADPG plays a fundamental role in starch synthesis in plants and certain bacteria.UDPG is formed when glucose-1-phosphate reacts with...
ATP Energy Storage and Release01:31

ATP Energy Storage and Release

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Direct Detection of the Acetate-forming Activity of the Enzyme Acetate Kinase
05:51

Direct Detection of the Acetate-forming Activity of the Enzyme Acetate Kinase

Published on: December 19, 2011

Sugar phosphorylation activity in ruminal acetogens.

W Jiang1, R S Pinder, J A Patterson

  • 1Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.

Journal of Environmental Science and Health. Part A, Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering
|March 20, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Eubacterium limosum utilizes a glucose phosphotransferase system (PTS), unlike Acetitomaculum ruminis and Acetobacterium woodii. This difference explains E. limosum's limited sugar and H(2)/CO(2) co-utilization and reduced acetogenesis in the rumen.

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Determination of the Glycogen Content in Cyanobacteria
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Published on: July 17, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Microbial metabolism
  • Bacterial physiology
  • Rumen microbiology

Background:

  • Acetogenic bacteria play a crucial role in anaerobic digestion and fermentation processes.
  • Understanding substrate utilization pathways, such as glucose phosphorylation, is key to deciphering microbial energy strategies.
  • The phosphotransferase system (PTS) and ATP-dependent pathways represent distinct mechanisms for sugar uptake and initial metabolism.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the glucose and 2-deoxy-glucose phosphorylation mechanisms in three acetogenic bacteria: Acetitomaculum ruminis, Acetobacterium woodii, and Eubacterium limosum.
  • To investigate the presence and activity of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)-dependent and ATP-dependent phosphorylation pathways in these species.
  • To correlate observed phosphorylation mechanisms with the organisms' known metabolic behaviors, particularly regarding sugar and H(2)/CO(2) utilization.

Main Methods:

  • Enzyme assays were performed on toluene-treated cells of the three bacterial species.
  • Phosphorylation rates of radiolabeled glucose and 2-deoxy-glucose were measured using both PEP and ATP as phosphate donors.
  • Comparative analysis of PEP-dependent and ATP-dependent phosphorylation activities was conducted.

Main Results:

  • Eubacterium limosum exhibited significant PEP-dependent glucose phosphorylation, indicative of a glucose phosphotransferase system (PTS).
  • Acetitomaculum ruminis and Acetobacterium woodii showed minimal PEP-dependent glucose phosphorylation, suggesting a lack of PTS activity.
  • ATP-dependent glucose phosphorylation rates were consistently higher than PEP-dependent rates across all tested organisms.

Conclusions:

  • Eubacterium limosum possesses a glucose PTS, distinguishing it from A. ruminis and A. woodii.
  • The presence of PTS in E. limosum may explain its inability to simultaneously utilize sugars and H(2)/CO(2).
  • This metabolic difference could contribute to the lower prevalence of acetogenesis by E. limosum in the rumen, where carbohydrates are abundant.