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Related Concept Videos

Mitochondrial Membranes01:45

Mitochondrial Membranes

A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...
Mitochondrial Membranes01:45

Mitochondrial Membranes

A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...
Mitochondria01:37

Mitochondria

Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...
The Inner Mitochondrial Membrane01:28

The Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

The inner mitochondrial membrane is the primary site of ATP synthesis. The inner membrane domain that forms a smooth layer adjacent to the outer membrane is called the inner boundary membrane. This domain contains membrane transporters that drive metabolites in and out of the mitochondria.  In contrast, the inner membrane network that invaginates into the matrix space is called the cristae membrane. This domain accounts for principle mitochondrial function as it accommodates the protein...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria01:19

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria

Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
Sorting of outer membrane proteins:
Mitochondrial outer membrane proteins are of two types: the transmembrane, beta-barrel porins, and the membrane-anchored, alpha-helical proteins. Beta-barrel porin precursors are translocated by the TOM complex and inserted into the outer mitochondrial membrane by the SAM complex. In contrast,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

High-Resolution Fluorespirometry to Assess Dynamic Changes in Mitochondrial Membrane Potential in Human Immune Cells
07:18

High-Resolution Fluorespirometry to Assess Dynamic Changes in Mitochondrial Membrane Potential in Human Immune Cells

Published on: May 24, 2024

Mitochondrial dynamics and their impact on T cell function.

Ariel Quintana1, Markus Hoth

  • 1La Jolla Institute for Allergy& Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.

Cell Calcium
|March 20, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Mitochondria positioning near the immune synapse is crucial for T cell activation. Their transport and dynamics control calcium signaling, enhancing lymphocyte responses.

Area of Science:

  • Cellular Biology
  • Immunology
  • Mitochondrial Biology

Background:

  • Mitochondria perform vital cellular functions beyond energy production, including calcium signaling and apoptosis regulation.
  • Efficient mitochondrial function depends on their precise localization within the cell.
  • In lymphocytes, mitochondria accumulate near the immune synapse (IS), a key site for immune cell communication.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the mechanisms regulating mitochondrial localization at the immune synapse in T cells.
  • To highlight the importance of subplasmalemmal mitochondria in controlling calcium microdomains at the IS.
  • To explain how mitochondrial positioning contributes to efficient T lymphocyte activation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of mechanisms including motor-based cytoskeleton transport, mitochondrial fusion/fission dynamics, and ER tethering.

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Real-time Monitoring of Mitochondrial Respiration in Cytokine-differentiated Human Primary T Cells

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High-Resolution Fluorespirometry to Assess Dynamic Changes in Mitochondrial Membrane Potential in Human Immune Cells
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  • Analysis of calcium channel (CRAC/ORAI1) and related protein accumulation at the IS.
  • Discussion of calcium microdomain formation and its role in lymphocyte activation.

    • Main Results:

    • Mitochondrial localization at the IS is regulated by transport, fusion, and fission dynamics.
    • The IS concentrates calcium channels and related proteins, creating a critical compartment for calcium-dependent activation.
    • Localized mitochondria near the IS are essential for generating and controlling calcium microdomains.

    Conclusions:

    • Proper mitochondrial positioning at the immune synapse is vital for T cell activation.
    • Mitochondrial dynamics and transport play key roles in regulating calcium signaling at the IS.
    • Subplasmalemmal mitochondria are critical for efficient T lymphocyte activation via localized calcium control.