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Related Concept Videos

Reporter Genes02:11

Reporter Genes

Reporter genes are a type of protein-coding gene that are often tagged to a gene of interest. Once inside a target cell, reporter genes usually produce visually identifiable characteristics like fluorescence and luminescence when expressed along with the gene of interest. Thus, reporter genes “report” the presence or absence of genes of interest in an organism, determine the gene expression pattern, or track the physical location of a DNA segment or protein in the cell.
Commonly used reporter...
What is Gene Expression?01:42

What is Gene Expression?

Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is made up of nucleotides and proteins consist of amino...
What is Gene Expression?01:36

What is Gene Expression?

A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then processed and...
Constitutive and Regulated Gene Expression01:27

Constitutive and Regulated Gene Expression

Gene expression in prokaryotes is governed by constitutive and regulated systems, allowing cells to balance the production of essential proteins with adaptive responses to environmental changes.Constitutive Gene ExpressionConstitutive, or housekeeping, genes are continuously expressed as they encode proteins vital for fundamental cellular processes. These include enzymes for glycolysis, ribosomal components for protein synthesis, and proteins involved in DNA replication. Their constant...
Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

Cell Specific Gene Expression

Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
Coordination of Gene Expression Processes in Bacteria01:29

Coordination of Gene Expression Processes in Bacteria

The DNA replication, transcription, and translation processes are intricately coupled in bacteria, allowing efficient gene expression and rapid protein synthesis. While this physical and functional coordination is advantageous, it introduces challenges that bacteria overcome through specific regulatory mechanisms.Coupling of Replication, Transcription, and TranslationThe coupling of replication, transcription, and translation is a hallmark of bacterial gene expression. As the replisome unwinds...

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Reliably Engineering and Controlling Stable Optogenetic Gene Circuits in Mammalian Cells
09:20

Reliably Engineering and Controlling Stable Optogenetic Gene Circuits in Mammalian Cells

Published on: July 6, 2021

Engineering genes for predictable protein expression.

Claes Gustafsson1, Jeremy Minshull, Sridhar Govindarajan

  • 1DNA2.0 Inc., 1140 O'Brien Drive, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.

Protein Expression and Purification
|March 20, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The DNA sequence significantly impacts protein expression. New synthetic biology tools now enable systematic study of sequence variables for recombinant protein production, revealing surprising results.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Synthetic Biology
  • Protein Engineering

Background:

  • The DNA sequence encoding a polypeptide influences its expression levels.
  • Limited tools previously hindered experimental investigation of sequence effects on protein expression.
  • Recent advances in synthetic biology offer new capabilities for analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the application of new tools for analyzing sequence variables affecting heterologous protein expression.
  • To highlight how modern engineering approaches overcome previous limitations.
  • To present surprising and promising results from gene engineering.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing advances in synthetic biology and engineering approaches.
  • Systematic analysis of sequence variables.
  • Investigating heterologous expression of recombinant proteins.

Main Results:

  • New tools enable systematic analysis of DNA sequence effects on protein expression.
  • Surprising and promising outcomes are emerging from gene engineering.
  • Previous constraints on experimental investigation have been circumvented.

Conclusions:

  • Synthetic biology and engineering tools are revolutionizing the study of DNA sequence impact on protein expression.
  • The field of gene engineering is yielding significant insights into recombinant protein production.
  • Further exploration promises advancements in optimizing protein expression through sequence manipulation.