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Related Concept Videos

Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
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The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

C-arm-Free Simultaneous OLIF51 and Percutaneous Pedicle Screw Fixation in a Single Lateral Position
12:25

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Published on: September 16, 2022

Optimal trajectory for the occipital condyle screw.

Tien V Le1, Andrew C Vivas, Ali A Baaj

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL.

Journal of Spinal Disorders & Techniques
|March 20, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Optimal occipital condyle (OC) screw placement requires a medial angulation of at least 20 degrees, avoiding cranial or caudal deviations to minimize risks. This research defines a safe trajectory for OC screws in occipitocervical fusion.

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Published on: November 8, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Anatomy

Background:

  • Occipital condyle (OC) screws offer an alternative fixation point in occipitocervical fusion compared to traditional occipital plates.
  • Optimal trajectories for OC screw placement are not well-established, necessitating further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the optimal trajectory for occipital condyle (OC) screw placement in occipitocervical fusion.
  • To evaluate the risk of hypoglossal canal and atlantooccipital joint compromise with varying OC screw trajectories.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 340 human occipital condyles using computed tomography (CT).
  • Measurements of linear distances based on a constant entry point with varying medial angulations (10, 20, 25 degrees) and cranial/caudal angulations (5, 10, 30 degrees).
  • Assessment of hypoglossal canal and atlantooccipital joint compromise incidence for each trajectory.

Main Results:

  • Significant differences in screw trajectory distances were observed with increasing medial angulation (≥20 degrees).
  • 0% hypoglossal canal compromise with 5-degree cranial angulation, increasing to 7.1% with 10-degree cranial angulation.
  • Atlantooccipital joint compromise was 21.8% with 10-degree caudal angulation, rising to 99.1% with 30-degree caudal angulation.

Conclusions:

  • An optimal OC screw trajectory involves a medial angulation of ≥20 degrees relative to the sagittal midline, positioned midcondylar and caudal to the skull base.
  • Maintaining a trajectory parallel to the skull base is recommended.
  • Angulations approaching 10 degrees cranially or caudally significantly increase the risk of hypoglossal canal or atlantooccipital joint compromise, respectively.