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Related Concept Videos

Type II Diabetes I: Introduction01:26

Type II Diabetes I: Introduction

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, in which target tissues such as the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue respond poorly to insulin. It is also associated with inadequate compensatory insulin secretion, where pancreatic β-cells fail to produce sufficient insulin. Together, these abnormalities lead to persistent hyperglycemia.EtiologyT2DM develops through a complex interaction of genetic predisposition and environmental or...
Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:24

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

PathophysiologyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. It results from interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and metabolic stressors, such as overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle.Insulin Resistance and Glucose DysregulationEarly T2DM involves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver.
Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:26

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular uptake of...
Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis01:25

Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis

Type 2 diabetes mellitus develops gradually and is often asymptomatic in early stages.Clinical ManifestationsWhen symptoms appear, they include fatigue, blurred vision, pruritus, delayed wound healing, and recurrent infections, particularly candidal infections. Peripheral neuropathy may present as numbness or tingling in the extremities. Classic hyperglycemia symptoms—polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia—are less common. Most patients are overweight and frequently have associated hypertension...
Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility, suggesting a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

Generation of High Quality Chromatin Immunoprecipitation DNA Template for High-throughput Sequencing (ChIP-seq)
09:52

Generation of High Quality Chromatin Immunoprecipitation DNA Template for High-throughput Sequencing (ChIP-seq)

Published on: April 19, 2013

[Association between SUMO4 polymorphisms and type 2 diabetes mellitus].

Lian-Mei Pu1, Nan Nan, Ze Yang

  • 1Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China. pulianmei@126.com

Yi Chuan = Hereditas
|March 20, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Small ubiquitin-like modifier 4 (SUMO4) gene polymorphisms, specifically rs237025, are linked to increased type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) risk in Chinese Han individuals. Other tested SUMO4 gene variations did not show significant associations with T2DM susceptibility.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 24, 2026

Generation of High Quality Chromatin Immunoprecipitation DNA Template for High-throughput Sequencing (ChIP-seq)
09:52

Generation of High Quality Chromatin Immunoprecipitation DNA Template for High-throughput Sequencing (ChIP-seq)

Published on: April 19, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a complex metabolic disorder with a significant genetic component.
  • Small ubiquitin-like modifier 4 (SUMO4) gene polymorphisms have been implicated in various diseases, but their role in T2DM requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between specific single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the SUMO4 gene (rs237025, rs237024, and rs600739) and T2DM susceptibility.
  • To analyze the correlation between these SUMO4 gene polymorphisms and glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels in T2DM patients.

Main Methods:

  • A case-control study involving 404 T2DM patients and 500 healthy controls from the Chinese Han population in Beijing.
  • Genotyping of SUMO4 SNPs (rs237025, rs237024, rs600739) using Polymerase Chain Reaction-High Resolution Melting curve (PCR-HRM) and gene sequencing.
  • Statistical analysis of allele and genotype frequencies, haplotype analysis, and comparison of HbA1c levels among different genotype carriers.

Main Results:

  • The G allele of rs237025 was significantly more frequent in T2DM patients compared to controls (P=0.017).
  • Carriers of the GA genotype and G allele (GG+GA) of rs237025 exhibited increased susceptibility to T2DM (OR=1.563, P=0.001 and OR=1.525, P=0.002, respectively).
  • No significant associations were found for rs237024 and rs600739 with T2DM risk. Certain haplotypes (AAC, AGC, GGT) were associated with increased T2DM risk, while others (AAT, GAC) showed a protective effect.

Conclusions:

  • The rs237025 polymorphism in the SUMO4 gene is associated with an increased risk of T2DM in the Chinese Han population.
  • rs237024 and rs600739 polymorphisms in the SUMO4 gene do not appear to be significantly associated with T2DM susceptibility in this cohort.
  • Further research is warranted to explore the functional impact of SUMO4 gene variations on T2DM pathogenesis and glycemic control.