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Related Concept Videos

Activation and Inactivation of G Proteins01:22

Activation and Inactivation of G Proteins

Heterotrimeric G proteins are guanine nucleotide-binding proteins. As the name suggests, heterotrimeric G proteins are composed of three subunits: alpha, beta, and gamma. They remain GDP-bound or GTP-bound inside the cells and switch between inactive/active states. The Gα subunit possesses the nucleotide-binding pocket that binds guanine nucleotides and switches between GDP or GTP-bound states. In contrast, the Gꞵ and Gγ subunits are always bound together with high affinity and are together...
Gene Families01:57

Gene Families

Gene families consist of groups of genes proposed to have originated from a common ancestor. Typically these arise through events in which a gene or genes are mistakenly duplicated during cell division. Unlike their parent genes (which are subject to selection pressure to maintain function), these gene copies do not need to preserve their sequences and may evolve at a relatively faster rate.
Occasionally these regions can be adapted to take on new roles within the organism, becoming novel genes...
G Protein-coupled Receptors01:15

G Protein-coupled Receptors

G Protein-Coupled Receptors or GPCRs are membrane-bound receptors that transiently associate with heterotrimeric G proteins and induce an appropriate response to sensory stimuli such as light, odors, hormones, cytokines, or neurotransmitters.
GPCRs are also called heptahelical, 7TM, or serpentine receptors, and consist of seven (H1-H7) transmembrane alpha-helices that span the bilayer to form a cylindrical core. The transmembrane helices are connected by three extracellular loops and three...
Transducer Mechanism: G Protein–Coupled Receptors01:30

Transducer Mechanism: G Protein–Coupled Receptors

G Protein–Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) are membrane-bound receptors that transiently associate with heterotrimeric G proteins and induce an appropriate response to various stimuli. GPCRs regulate critical physiological pathways and are excellent drug targets for treating diseases such as diabetes, cancer, obesity, depression, or Alzheimer's. Nearly 35% of approved drugs implement their therapeutic effects by selectively interacting with specific GPCRs.
GPCRs are also called heptahelical, 7TM, or...
Huntington Disease l: Introduction01:21

Huntington Disease l: Introduction

Huntington disease or HD is a progressive, fatal neurodegenerative disorder inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern.PathophysiologyIt is caused by expansion of the CAG trinucleotide repeat in the HTT gene on chromosome 4 (4p16.3), producing an abnormal huntingtin protein with an expanded polyglutamine tract. This misfolded protein disrupts cellular function, leading to neuronal death. Normal alleles have ≤26 repeats, 27–35 are intermediate (risk of expansion), 36–39 show reduced penetrance,...
Cardiomyopathy III: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy01:29

Cardiomyopathy III: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, or HCM, is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterized by asymmetric left ventricular hypertrophy without ventricular dilation. It is more common in men and is typically diagnosed in young, athletic adults.EtiologyHCM is primarily genetic and is caused by mutations in genes encoding sarcomeric proteins. Researchers have identified over 1400 mutations across at least 11 different genes. Among these, the most frequently occurring mutations are found in the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

Measurement of Heme Synthesis Levels in Mammalian Cells
09:43

Measurement of Heme Synthesis Levels in Mammalian Cells

Published on: July 9, 2015

HMGB1 and its physiological and pathological roles.

H Naglova1, M Bucova

  • 1Institute of Immunology, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia. hedviga.kanalikova@fmed.uniba.sk

Bratislavske Lekarske Listy
|March 21, 2012
PubMed
Summary

High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein, initially known for DNA binding, also acts as an alarmin in immune responses. This dual role influences inflammation, sepsis, and potentially regeneration, making HMGB1 a therapeutic target.

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) was traditionally recognized for its intracellular role in DNA binding and repair.
  • Emerging evidence highlights HMGB1's extracellular functions in innate and adaptive immunity.
  • HMGB1 acts as an alarmin, released during cell damage or actively secreted, to initiate inflammatory responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the multifaceted roles of HMGB1 in biological processes.
  • To explore HMGB1's involvement in inflammatory diseases and its potential as a therapeutic target.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on HMGB1 functions.
  • Analysis of HMGB1 interactions with pattern recognition receptors like RAGE and TLRs.

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Measurement of Heme Synthesis Levels in Mammalian Cells
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Investigating the Pathogenesis of MYH7 Mutation Gly823Glu in Familial Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy using a Mouse Model
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  • Examination of HMGB1's involvement in sepsis, autoimmune diseases, and cancer.

    • Main Results:

    • HMGB1 mediates pro-inflammatory cytokine production via RAGE and TLRs.
    • It is identified as a "late mediator of sepsis" and implicated in atherosclerosis and autoimmune conditions like SLE and RA.
    • HMGB1 exhibits paradoxical roles, promoting regeneration by attracting stem cells while also contributing to tumor growth.

    Conclusions:

    • HMGB1 possesses dual intracellular and extracellular functions, significantly impacting immune responses and disease pathogenesis.
    • Its involvement in inflammation, sepsis, autoimmune diseases, and cancer highlights its complex biological activity.
    • HMGB1 represents a promising therapeutic target for various inflammation-related disorders.