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Related Concept Videos

Physiological Control of Respiration01:23

Physiological Control of Respiration

Introduction
Breathing, a seemingly passive process, is regulated by the respiratory center in the brainstem. This center coordinates the involuntary control of respirations, which means it occurs without conscious effort, ensuring a smooth and uninterrupted pattern.
Regulation of Ventilation
The body maintains ventilation by monitoring levels of carbon dioxide (CO2), oxygen (O2), and hydrogen ion concentration (pH) in the arterial blood. Among these factors, the level of CO2 plays a crucial...
Acute Respiratory Failure-II01:21

Acute Respiratory Failure-II

Type I Respiratory Failure, or hypoxemic respiratory failure, occurs when the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) in arterial blood falls below 60 mmHg while breathing room air without a corresponding increase in arterial carbon dioxide levels (PaCO2). This condition highlights a significant impairment in the lungs' capacity to oxygenate the blood.
The underlying physiological abnormalities that contribute to hypoxemic respiratory failure include:
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-II: Pathophysiology01:20

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-II: Pathophysiology

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) pathophysiology is intricate and multifaceted, involving a complex interplay of physiological processes. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for effectively managing and treating COPD. Here is an in-depth look at the critical elements in the pathophysiology of COPD:
Chronic Inflammation
Respiratory Assessment: Purpose and Indications01:19

Respiratory Assessment: Purpose and Indications

Respiratory assessment is a cornerstone of nursing assessments, crucial for the early detection of patient deterioration. This evaluation transcends routine procedures, representing a critical skill nurses must master to ensure optimal patient care.
Objectives and Importance:
The primary goal of respiratory assessment is to evaluate patients at early risk of clinical deterioration. Since respiratory distress often precedes other signs of declining health, breathing patterns and sounds become a...
Oxygen Transport in the Blood01:27

Oxygen Transport in the Blood

Hemoglobin (Hb) is a crucial molecule in the human body, consisting of four polypeptide chains, each bound to an iron-containing heme group. This unique structure enables hemoglobin to bind to oxygen, with each molecule capable of combining with four molecules of oxygen, leading to rapid and reversible oxygen loading. When fully loaded with oxygen, it is called oxyhemoglobin, while hemoglobin that has released oxygen is called reduced hemoglobin or deoxyhemoglobin. As hemoglobin binds oxygen,...
Hypoxia01:23

Hypoxia

Hypoxia is a medical condition characterized by an inadequate oxygen supply to body tissues. It typically manifests as a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucosae, especially in fair-skinned individuals, when hemoglobin (Hb) saturation drops below 75%.
Types of Hypoxia
There are four primary types of hypoxia, each resulting from a different cause:
1. Anemic hypoxia: This type occurs due to insufficient oxygen delivery caused by a lack of red blood cells (RBCs) or RBCs with abnormal or...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

Visualizing Lung Cellular Adaptations during Combined Ozone and LPS Induced Murine Acute Lung Injury
14:48

Visualizing Lung Cellular Adaptations during Combined Ozone and LPS Induced Murine Acute Lung Injury

Published on: March 21, 2021

Hyperoxia during one lung ventilation: inflammatory and oxidative responses.

Alicia Olivant Fisher1, Kamran Husain, Marla R Wolfson

  • 1Nemours Biomedical Research, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE19803, USA. aolivant@nemours.org

Pediatric Pulmonology
|March 21, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Using lower oxygen levels (FiO(2) ≤50%) during one lung ventilation (OLV) in pigs reduced lung inflammation and oxidative stress. This approach mitigated hyperoxic lung injury, suggesting improved outcomes compared to standard 100% oxygen use.

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In Vivo Assessment of Alveolar Macrophage Efferocytosis Following Ozone Exposure
08:54

In Vivo Assessment of Alveolar Macrophage Efferocytosis Following Ozone Exposure

Published on: October 22, 2019

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Last Updated: May 23, 2026

Visualizing Lung Cellular Adaptations during Combined Ozone and LPS Induced Murine Acute Lung Injury
14:48

Visualizing Lung Cellular Adaptations during Combined Ozone and LPS Induced Murine Acute Lung Injury

Published on: March 21, 2021

In Vivo Assessment of Alveolar Macrophage Efferocytosis Following Ozone Exposure
08:54

In Vivo Assessment of Alveolar Macrophage Efferocytosis Following Ozone Exposure

Published on: October 22, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Anesthesiology
  • Pulmonology
  • Critical Care Medicine

Background:

  • One lung ventilation (OLV) commonly uses 100% oxygen, increasing risk of hyperoxia and oxidative stress-related lung injury.
  • The study investigates the impact of reduced fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO(2)) during OLV on lung injury.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To test the hypothesis that lower FiO(2) during OLV reduces inflammatory and oxidative lung injury.
  • To assess the effect of normoxia (FiO(2) <50%) versus hyperoxia (FiO(2) =100%) on lung function and injury markers.

Main Methods:

  • A translational study using a pig model (n=20) with two groups: hyperoxia (100% FiO(2)) and normoxia (<50% FiO(2)).
  • Both groups underwent 3 hours of OLV.
  • Analysis included blood pro-inflammatory cytokines and lung tissue oxidative biomarkers.

Main Results:

  • The hyperoxia group showed increased total respiratory resistance compared to the normoxia group.
  • Lung homogenates in the hyperoxia group had higher levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, myeloperoxidase, and protein carbonyls.
  • Superoxide dismutase levels were lower in the hyperoxia group's lung homogenates.

Conclusions:

  • Elevated inflammatory markers and oxidative stress in the hyperoxia group indicate significant lung injury.
  • Using FiO(2) ≤50% during OLV in a pig model reduced hyperoxic lung injury and improved lung function.