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Related Concept Videos

Analgesia and Pain Management01:25

Analgesia and Pain Management

Pain is critical to various clinical pathologies, provoking an urgent need for effective management. Pain, whether acute or chronic, is a complex neurochemical process. Its alleviation depends on the type, with nonopioid analgesics effective for mild to moderate pain, such as musculoskeletal or inflammatory pain, while neuropathic pain responds best to anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, or serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. For severe acute or chronic pain, opioids may be...
Opioid Analgesics: Synthetic and Semisynthetic Opioids01:15

Opioid Analgesics: Synthetic and Semisynthetic Opioids

Synthetic and semisynthetic opioids are pivotal in pain management and tackling opioid addiction. Semisynthetic opioids, including morphinans (morphine derivatives), oxycodone, oxymorphone, hydrocodone, and hydromorphone, have improved pharmacokinetic profiles compared to morphine. Additionally, heroin and 6-MAM (6-Monoacetylmorphine) show better CNS penetration than morphine due to heightened lipid solubility. Hydromorphone, a potent opioid, undergoes hepatic metabolism to form the active...
Opioid Analgesics: Morphine and Other Natural Cogeners01:20

Opioid Analgesics: Morphine and Other Natural Cogeners

Opioids are a class of drugs that mimic endogenous opioid peptides and act on opioid receptors, and help in pain relief. These compounds are classified as natural, synthetic, or semi-synthetic. Natural opioids, like morphine, codeine, and thebaine, are derived from the opium poppy plant (Papaver somniferum or Papaver album) and are termed opiates. Synthetic opioids are artificial, while semi-synthetic opioids combine natural and synthetic compounds. Morphine, a prototypical opioid, possesses a...
Pain01:20

Pain

Pain serves as a critical warning signal that alerts the body to potential or actual harm. When mechanical pressure on the skin is intense, such as from a sharp pinch, the sensation transitions from touch to pain. Similarly, extreme temperatures, like a hot pot handle, convert the sensation of heat into pain. Pain can also result from overstimulation of other senses, such as blinding light, loud noise, or the intense heat from habañero peppers. This ability to sense pain is essential for...
Nociception01:44

Nociception

Nociception—the ability to feel pain—is essential for an organism’s survival and overall well-being. Noxious stimuli such as piercing pain from a sharp object, heat from an open flame, or contact with corrosive chemicals are first detected by sensory receptors, called nociceptors, located on nerve endings. Nociceptors express ion channels that convert noxious stimuli into electrical signals. When these signals reach the brain via sensory neurons, they are perceived as pain. Thus, pain helps the...
Opioid Receptors: Overview01:22

Opioid Receptors: Overview

Opioid receptors, including the mu (μ, MOR), delta (δ, DOR), and kappa (κ, KOR) types, belong to the rhodopsin family of G protein-coupled receptors. These receptors are located throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems and in non-neuronal tissues such as macrophages and astrocytes. Opioid receptor ligands can be categorized into agonists or antagonists. Highly selective agonists include [d-Ala2, MePhe4, Gly(ol)5]-enkephalin or DAMGO for MOR, [D-Pen2, D-Pen5]-enkephalin or DPDPE for...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

Determining Pain Detection and Tolerance Thresholds Using an Integrated, Multi-Modal Pain Task Battery
09:38

Determining Pain Detection and Tolerance Thresholds Using an Integrated, Multi-Modal Pain Task Battery

Published on: April 14, 2016

Breakthrough pain-novel analgesics.

Seema Randive1, Vivek Mehta

  • 1St Bartholomew's Hospital, West Smithfield, London EC1A 7BE, UK.

Current Clinical Pharmacology
|March 22, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Breakthrough pain (BTP) is severe, sudden pain despite regular medication. Novel opioid delivery systems offer faster relief than traditional methods for managing BTP effectively.

Area of Science:

  • Pain Management
  • Pharmacology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Breakthrough pain (BTP) is a significant clinical challenge in patients with severe chronic pain, particularly malignant pain.
  • Current 'rescue' medications for BTP have a 30-60 minute onset of action, often insufficient for rapid pain relief.
  • Impaired functioning, reduced opioid effectiveness, and increased financial burden are associated with inadequately managed BTP.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evidence on novel opioid delivery systems for breakthrough pain.
  • To evaluate the effectiveness of transmucosal and buccal routes for rapid BTP analgesia.
  • To explore advancements in drug delivery for improved BTP management.

Main Methods:

  • Review of pharmacokinetic studies on novel opioid delivery systems.

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Development of Recombinant Proteins to Treat Chronic Pain
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  • Analysis of clinical evidence for transmucosal and buccal opioid administration.
  • Assessment of systemic exposure and therapeutic dose ranges.

    • Main Results:

    • Novel delivery systems bypass first-pass metabolism, leading to rapid systemic absorption.
    • Transmucosal and buccal routes demonstrate high early systemic exposure to opioids.
    • These routes facilitate effective management of breakthrough pain episodes.

    Conclusions:

    • Novel opioid delivery systems, including transmucosal and buccal routes, offer a more rapid onset of action for breakthrough pain.
    • These advanced systems show promise in improving the management of breakthrough pain compared to traditional short-acting opioids.
    • Further evidence review supports the effectiveness of these novel systems in clinical practice.