Air kerma to Hp(3) conversion coefficients for a new cylinder phantom for photon reference radiation qualities

R Behrens1

  • 1Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany. rolf.behrens@ptb.de

Related Concept Videos

Radiation Pressure: Problem Solving01:09

Radiation Pressure: Problem Solving

The radiation pressure applied by an electromagnetic wave on a perfectly absorbing surface equals the energy density of the wave. The wave's momentum also gets transferred to the surface when an electromagnetic wave is entirely absorbed by it. The rate at which momentum is transmitted to an absorbing surface perpendicular to the propagation direction equals the force on the surface.
The average value of the rate of momentum transfer divided by the absorbing area represents the average force per...
Absorption of Radiation01:05

Absorption of Radiation

The rate of heat transfer by emitted radiation is described by the Stefan-Boltzmann law of radiation:
Biological Effects of Radiation02:59

Biological Effects of Radiation

All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they produce ions...
Dual Nature of Electromagnetic (EM) Radiation01:10

Dual Nature of Electromagnetic (EM) Radiation

Electromagnetic (EM) radiation consists of electric and magnetic field components oscillating in planes perpendicular to each other and mutually perpendicular to radiation propagation through space. EM radiation can be classified as a wave, characterized by the properties of waves such as wavelength (denoted as λ) and frequency (represented by ν).
Wavelength is the distance between two consecutive peaks (the highest point) or troughs (the lowest point) in the wave. Frequency is the number of...
Kirchoff's Laws using Phasors01:12

Kirchoff's Laws using Phasors

Analyzing AC circuits in electrical systems is a fundamental aspect of electrical engineering. In these circuits, AC power is supplied from a distribution panel and wired to various household appliances in parallel. To perform a comprehensive analysis, electrical engineers use Kirchhoff's voltage and current laws, which are equally applicable in AC circuits as in DC circuits.
Kirchhoff's voltage law (KVL) states that the sum of phasor voltages around a closed loop in an AC circuit equals zero.
Conduction, Convection and Radiation: Problem Solving01:20

Conduction, Convection and Radiation: Problem Solving

There are three methods by which heat transfer can take place: conduction, convection, and radiation. Each method has unique and interesting characteristics, but all three have two things in common: they transfer heat solely because of a temperature difference; and the greater the temperature difference, the faster the heat transfer.
In order to solve a problem related to heat transfer, first of all, the situation needs to be examined to determine the type of heat transfer involved. This could...