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Related Concept Videos

Redox Reactions01:24

Redox Reactions

Oxidation-reduction or redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one molecule or atom to another. When an atom gains an electron, another atom must lose an electron, meaning oxidation and reduction must occur together. Since the redox occurs in pairs, the atom that gets oxidized is also called the reducing agent or reductant, and the atom that is reduced is also called the oxidizing agent or oxidant. A straightforward way to remember the definitions of oxidation and reduction is...
Redox Reactions01:27

Redox Reactions

Redox reactions are vital biochemical processes that underpin energy metabolism in cells. These reactions involve the transfer of electrons between molecules, occurring in tandem as oxidation and reduction. Oxidation refers to the loss of electrons, while reduction denotes their gain. This coupling ensures the seamless flow of electrons through metabolic pathways. For example, in bacterial metabolism, glucose undergoes oxidation to carbon dioxide, while oxygen is simultaneously reduced to...
Redox Equilibria: Overview01:23

Redox Equilibria: Overview

A reduction-oxidation reaction is commonly called a redox reaction. In a redox reaction, electrons are transferred from one species to another rather than being shared between or among atoms. The reducing agent or reductant is the species that loses electrons and gets oxidized in the process. The species that gains electrons and gets reduced in the process is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Redox reactions are represented as two separate equations called half-reactions, where one equation...
Oxidation and Reduction of Organic Molecules01:19

Oxidation and Reduction of Organic Molecules

Energy production within a cell involves many coordinated chemical pathways. Most of these pathways are combinations of oxidation and reduction reactions, which occur at the same time. An oxidation reaction strips an electron from an atom in a compound, and the addition of this electron to another compound is a reduction reaction. Because oxidation and reduction usually occur together, these pairs of reactions are called redox reactions.
The removal of an electron from a molecule, results in a...
Redox Titration: Other Oxidizing and Reducing Agents01:26

Redox Titration: Other Oxidizing and Reducing Agents

Besides iodine, other oxidizing or reducing agents can serve as titrants in redox titrations. Common oxidizing titrants include KMnO4, cerium(IV), and K2Cr2O7. The choice of oxidizing titrants depends on factors like stability, cost, analyte strength, and reaction rate between the analyte and titrant. KMnO4 is a strong oxidizing titrant that reduces from Mn(VII) to Mn(II) in a highly acidic solution, simultaneously oxidizing the analyte to a higher oxidation state. In this case, KMnO4 acts as a...
Protein Modifications in the RER01:26

Protein Modifications in the RER

Modification of secretory and transmembrane proteins entering the rough ER begins in the ER lumen. These modifications aid in protein folding and stabilize the acquired tertiary structure. Protein modifications in the rough ER co-occur at different stages of protein folding.
Broadly, these modifications can be categorized into four main categories — glycosylation, formation of disulfide bonds, assembly of protein subunits, and specific proteolytic cleavages like removal of signal sequences.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

Protein Film Infrared Electrochemistry Demonstrated for Study of H2 Oxidation by a [NiFe] Hydrogenase
10:01

Protein Film Infrared Electrochemistry Demonstrated for Study of H2 Oxidation by a [NiFe] Hydrogenase

Published on: December 4, 2017

Engineered proteins: redox properties and their applications.

Shradha Prabhulkar1, Hui Tian, Xiaotang Wang

  • 1Nanobioengineering/Bioelectronics Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, USA.

Antioxidants & Redox Signaling
|March 23, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Protein engineering creates novel oxidoreductases and metalloproteins with tailored functions. These engineered redox proteins offer significant advancements in biosensors, biofuel cells, and pharmaceuticals.

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Published on: December 4, 2017

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
  • Bioengineering and Synthetic Biology

Background:

  • Oxidoreductases and metalloproteins are crucial catalysts in biological electron transfer processes.
  • Their function is dictated by the specific redox centers within their structure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review engineered redox proteins created using various protein engineering methods.
  • To highlight modifications in redox potential, electron transfer efficiency, and novel protein designs.

Main Methods:

  • Rational design
  • Directed evolution
  • Protein surface modifications
  • Domain shuffling

Main Results:

  • Engineered proteins exhibit altered redox potentials and enhanced electron transfer efficiency.
  • De novo design expands the repertoire of available redox proteins.
  • Successful applications include biosensors, biofuel cells, and biocatalysis for pharmaceuticals.

Conclusions:

  • Protein engineering is a powerful tool for developing redox proteins with specific functions.
  • Engineered redox proteins have broad applications in bioelectrochemical devices and biotechnology.
  • Further exploration holds great potential for advancing bioelectrochemical sensing and related fields.