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Related Concept Videos

NF-κB-dependent Signaling Pathway02:26

NF-κB-dependent Signaling Pathway

The transcription factor NF-κB was discovered in 1986 in the lab of Nobel laureate Professor David Baltimore, for its interaction with the immunoglobulin light chain enhancer in B-cells. After more than three decades of study, it is now evident that NF-κB regulates the expression of over 100 genes. Most of these genes play an essential role in the innate and adaptive immune responses as well as the inflammatory responses of animals.
NF-κB-dependent Signaling Mechanism
The heterodimer of NF-κB...
Co-activators and Co-repressors02:04

Co-activators and Co-repressors

Gene transcription is regulated by the synergistic action of several proteins that form a complex at a gene regulatory site. This is observed in eukaryotes, where the regulation of gene expression is a complex process. Regulatory proteins in eukaryotes can broadly be classified into two types – regulators that bind directly to specific DNA sequences and co-regulators that associate with regulatory proteins but cannot directly bind to the DNA. These co-regulators are further divided into...
NF-kB-dependent Signaling Pathway02:26

NF-kB-dependent Signaling Pathway

The transcription factor NF-κB was discovered in 1986 in the lab of Nobel laureate Professor David Baltimore, for its interaction with the immunoglobulin light chain enhancer in B-cells. After more than three decades of study, it is now evident that NF-κB regulates the expression of over 100 genes. Most of these genes play an essential role in the innate and adaptive immune responses as well as the inflammatory responses of animals.
NF-κB-dependent Signaling Mechanism
The heterodimer of NF-κB...
Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting01:45

Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting

Nuclear protein sorting regulates nucleus composition and gene expression, crucial for determining the fate of a eukaryotic cell. Hence, the entry and exit of molecules across the nuclear envelope is a tightly controlled process. Nuclear protein sorting can be inhibited by one of the following ways: 1) masking cargo signal sequences, 2) modifying the nuclear receptor's affinity for cargo, 3) controlling the nuclear pore size, 4) retaining the cargo during its transit to the cytosol or the...
MAPK Signaling Cascades01:07

MAPK Signaling Cascades

Mitogen-activated protein kinase, or MAPK pathway, activates three sequential kinases to regulate cellular responses such as proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis. The canonical MAPK pathway starts with a mitogen or growth factor binding to an RTK. The activated RTKs stimulate Ras, which recruits Raf or MAP3 Kinase (MAPKKK), the first kinase of the MAPK signaling cascade. Raf further phosphorylates and activates MEK or MAP2 Kinases (MAPKK), which in turn phosphorylates MAP...
Nuclear Localization Signals and Import01:46

Nuclear Localization Signals and Import

Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry short stretches of amino acid sequences called the nuclear localization signal or NLS. Classical nuclear localization signals are of two types: monopartite and bipartite NLS. Monopartite classical NLS (cNLS) consists of a single cluster of 4-8 amino acids. Bipartite cNLS consists of two clusters of  2-3 amino acids and a 9-12 residue long proline-rich linker bridging the two clusters. Signal clusters are rich in positively charged amino acids such as...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

NF-κB-dependent Luciferase Activation and Quantification of Gene Expression in Salmonella Infected Tissue Culture Cells
10:57

NF-κB-dependent Luciferase Activation and Quantification of Gene Expression in Salmonella Infected Tissue Culture Cells

Published on: January 12, 2020

NF-κB: where did it come from and why?

Thomas D Gilmore1, Francis S Wolenski

  • 1Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA. gilmore@bu.edu

Immunological Reviews
|March 23, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling pathways, crucial in vertebrates, are surprisingly conserved in invertebrates. Studying these invertebrates offers insights into the evolution of NF-κB and its role in immunity.

Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Research on nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling has predominantly focused on vertebrates.
  • Recent genomic data reveal NF-κB pathway components in diverse invertebrates, including simpler phyla.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evolution of core NF-κB signaling elements.
  • To explore biological processes regulated by NF-κB in invertebrates.
  • To speculate on the evolutionary origins and broader implications of NF-κB signaling.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature and genomic data.
  • Comparative analysis of NF-κB pathway components across species.
  • Inference and speculation based on current knowledge.

More Related Videos

A Guide to Production, Crystallization, and Structure Determination of Human IKK1/α
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A Guide to Production, Crystallization, and Structure Determination of Human IKK1/α

Published on: November 2, 2018

Methods for the Modulation and Analysis of NF-κB-dependent Adult Neurogenesis
14:58

Methods for the Modulation and Analysis of NF-κB-dependent Adult Neurogenesis

Published on: February 13, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 23, 2026

NF-κB-dependent Luciferase Activation and Quantification of Gene Expression in Salmonella Infected Tissue Culture Cells
10:57

NF-κB-dependent Luciferase Activation and Quantification of Gene Expression in Salmonella Infected Tissue Culture Cells

Published on: January 12, 2020

A Guide to Production, Crystallization, and Structure Determination of Human IKK1/α
11:27

A Guide to Production, Crystallization, and Structure Determination of Human IKK1/α

Published on: November 2, 2018

Methods for the Modulation and Analysis of NF-κB-dependent Adult Neurogenesis
14:58

Methods for the Modulation and Analysis of NF-κB-dependent Adult Neurogenesis

Published on: February 13, 2014

Main Results:

  • Homologs of NF-κB transcription factors, IκB proteins, and IκB kinases are found in various invertebrates.
  • Invertebrates possess genes for upstream signaling proteins like those in the Toll-like receptor pathway.
  • The NF-κB pathway appears to be ancient and conserved across a wide range of animals.

Conclusions:

  • The NF-κB signaling pathway has deep evolutionary roots extending beyond vertebrates.
  • Studying invertebrate NF-κB can illuminate the pathway's origins and functions.
  • Understanding invertebrate NF-κB may aid in managing ecologically and economically important species' responses to environmental changes.