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Related Concept Videos

Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems01:23

Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems

Ophthalmic drug delivery faces major limitations due to poor absorption across the corneal membrane. This process is primarily driven by diffusion and is influenced by two main factors: the physicochemical properties of the drug and tear drainage. Most ophthalmic drugs, such as pilocarpine, epinephrine, atropine, and local anesthetics, are weak bases. They are typically formulated at an acidic pH to enhance chemical stability. However, this leads to high ionization, reducing their ability to...
Glaucoma: Overview01:25

Glaucoma: Overview

Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...
Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment01:28

Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment

Angle-closure glaucoma, or closed-angle glaucoma, is an eye condition where the iris bulges out and blocks the iridocorneal angle, resulting in a buildup of aqueous humor and increased intraocular pressure. Immediate medical attention is necessary due to the sudden onset of symptoms. The treatment for angle-closure glaucoma includes short-term and long-term approaches. Short-term treatment involves using eye drops like pilocarpine to lower intraocular pressure by increasing aqueous humor...
Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment01:27

Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment

In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
Drugs such as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, α2- and...
Nephrotic Syndrome II : Assessment and Medical Management01:26

Nephrotic Syndrome II : Assessment and Medical Management

IntroductionNephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder marked by excessive protein loss in the urine, leading to various systemic complications. This condition often results from damage to the glomeruli—the kidney's filtering units—causing proteinuria, low blood protein levels, and fluid retention. Understanding the assessment, diagnosis, and management of nephrotic syndrome is essential for effective treatment and prevention of further kidney damage.AssessmentPatient History: Document any history...
Microbiome of the Eye01:22

Microbiome of the Eye

The human eye has a specialized microbiota that reflects its unique anatomical and immunological environment. This low-biomass microbial community predominantly colonizes the conjunctiva and eyelid margins, playing a vital role in ocular surface homeostasis and defense. Despite its proximity to the richly colonized facial skin, the ocular surface maintains a distinct microbial profile due to continuous mechanical and biochemical defense mechanisms.The conjunctival surface hosts fewer microbial...

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Clinical Application of Intense Pulsed Light Therapy and Radio Frequency for Treatment of Ocular Surface Diseases
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Clinical Application of Intense Pulsed Light Therapy and Radio Frequency for Treatment of Ocular Surface Diseases

Published on: July 3, 2025

Understanding dry eye disease: a managed care perspective.

Richard G Fiscella1

  • 1Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.

The American Journal of Managed Care
|March 23, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Dry eye disease (DED) causes discomfort and vision issues. Understanding its causes and treatments helps manage symptoms and prevent complications.

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Clinical Medicine

Background:

  • Dry eye disease (DED) is a common, multifactorial condition.
  • It leads to ocular discomfort, visual disturbances, and potential ocular surface damage.
  • DED significantly impacts patients' quality of life and incurs substantial economic costs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the prevalence and economic burden of DED.
  • To review the etiology, pathophysiology, and disease progression of DED.
  • To provide healthcare professionals with guidance on managing DED using various therapeutic strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review on DED prevalence, economic impact, and pathophysiology.
  • Discussion of current and emerging therapeutic options for DED management.
  • Analysis of treatment strategies including artificial tears, anti-inflammatory agents, and surgical interventions.

Main Results:

  • DED affects a significant patient population, leading to considerable healthcare expenditures.
  • A deeper understanding of DED pathophysiology informs diverse treatment approaches.
  • Effective management strategies exist to mitigate DED morbidity and prevent complications.

Conclusions:

  • Comprehensive understanding of DED is crucial for effective patient care.
  • A range of therapeutic options are available for managing DED.
  • Optimizing DED management strategies can improve patient outcomes and reduce healthcare costs.