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Updated: Mar 20, 2026

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Published on: May 16, 2021
AMPK: a nutrient and energy sensor that maintains energy homeostasis
D Grahame Hardie1, Fiona A Ross, Simon A Hawley
1Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK. d.g.hardie@dundee.ac.uk
Abstract:
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a crucial cellular energy sensor. Once activated by falling energy status, it promotes ATP production by increasing the activity or expression of proteins involved in catabolism while conserving ATP by switching off biosynthetic pathways. AMPK also regulates metabolic energy balance at the whole-body level. For example, it mediates the effects of agents acting on the hypothalamus that promote feeding and entrains circadian rhythms of metabolism and feeding behaviour. Finally, recent studies reveal that AMPK conserves ATP levels through the regulation of processes other than metabolism, such as the cell cycle and neuronal membrane excitability.
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