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Related Concept Videos

Blood and Nerve Supply to the Bones01:29

Blood and Nerve Supply to the Bones

Bones are dynamic organs that require a rich supply of oxygen and nutrients. Around 5% to 10% of the cardiac output supplies blood to the bones. A typical long bone has three main sources: the nutrient artery, the metaphyseal and epiphyseal arteries, and the periosteal arteries.
Nutrient Artery
The nutrient artery is the main blood vessel that enters the diaphysis via the nutrient foramen. While most long bones have only one nutrient foramen, large bones, such as the femur, may have two. This...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

The Arteriovenous (AV) Loop in a Small Animal Model to Study Angiogenesis and Vascularized Tissue Engineering
08:53

The Arteriovenous (AV) Loop in a Small Animal Model to Study Angiogenesis and Vascularized Tissue Engineering

Published on: November 2, 2016

Engineering axially vascularized bone in the sheep arteriovenous-loop model.

Anja M Boos1, Johanna S Loew, Annika Weigand

  • 1Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany. anja.boos@uk-erlangen.de

Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
|March 23, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Engineered bone tissue with robust vascularization can be created using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and rhBMP-2 in a sheep model. This breakthrough offers a promising solution for complex bone defects, potentially improving reconstructive surgery outcomes.

Keywords:
axially vascularized bone tissuemesenchymal stem cellsrhBMP-2sheep arteriovenous-loop modeltissue engineeringtransplantable bone tissue

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Published on: August 13, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Orthopedic Surgery

Background:

  • Complex bone defects with insufficient vascular supply pose significant challenges in reconstructive surgery.
  • Autologous grafts have limitations, necessitating alternative strategies for bone tissue engineering.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To engineer independently axially vascularized bone tissue in a sheep arteriovenous (AV)-loop model.
  • To evaluate the efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with and without recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) for bone regeneration.

Main Methods:

  • Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were combined with β-tricalcium phosphate-hydroxyapatite (β-TCP-HA) granules, with or without rhBMP-2.
  • These constructs were autotransplanted into a sheep AV-loop model.
  • Histological, immunohistochemical, MRI, and μCT analyses were performed after 12 weeks.

Main Results:

  • Newly formed bone was observed in both MSC and MSC + rhBMP-2 groups.
  • Enhanced bone formation and area were achieved with MSCs and rhBMP-2 co-stimulation.
  • Dense vascularization from the AV-loop was confirmed, indicating successful tissue integration and remodeling.

Conclusions:

  • De novo engineering of transplantable, axially vascularized bone tissue is achievable in clinically relevant amounts within 12 weeks.
  • The combination of MSCs and rhBMP-2 significantly enhances bone regeneration in the sheep AV-loop model.
  • This strategy holds potential for clinical translation to augment current reconstructive surgical techniques.