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Related Concept Videos

Antihypertensive Drugs: Direct Renin Inhibitors01:25

Antihypertensive Drugs: Direct Renin Inhibitors

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is an intricate physiological pathway involving numerous enzymes and hormones, including renin, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensin I and II, and aldosterone. Imbalances within this system increase the production of angiotensin II and aldosterone. Increased angiotensin II levels promote vasoconstriction and blood pressure elevation. Concurrently, higher aldosterone levels stimulate sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys,...
Heart Failure Drugs: Inhibitors of Renin-Angiotensin System01:26

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The activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) contributes to cardiac remodeling, and inhibiting the RAAS is a pharmacological target in heart failure management. As a result, neurohumoral modulation is a crucial treatment principle for managing heart failure. This approach involves using medications like ACE inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), β-blockers, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs), and neutral...
Antihypertensive Drugs: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors01:30

Antihypertensive Drugs: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), a vital component of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, is abundant in lung endothelial cells. ACE converts the inactive decapeptide, angiotensin I, into the active octapeptide, angiotensin II. This potent vasoconstrictor narrows blood vessels, increasing resistance to blood flow and elevating blood pressure. Angiotensin II also stimulates aldosterone production, encouraging kidney cells to reabsorb more sodium and water from urine, thereby increasing...
Antihypertensive Drugs: Action of Diuretics01:16

Antihypertensive Drugs: Action of Diuretics

Diuretics are antihypertensive drugs used to treat hypertension resulting from sodium and water retention. Sodium, vital for fluid balance and nerve or muscle function, is regulated by the kidneys through millions of nephrons. Blood enters nephrons via afferent arterioles, which branch into capillaries called glomeruli. These filter blood plasma, allowing water and solutes, like sodium ions, to pass through capillary walls into Bowman's capsule. The filtrate then flows through various tubules...
Antihypertensive Drugs: Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers01:30

Antihypertensive Drugs: Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers

In the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, a hormone called angiotensin II plays a crucial role. It binds to the AT1 receptors in vascular smooth muscles coupled with Gq proteins. The activation of these receptors activates an enzyme called phospholipase C, which releases two molecules: inositol trisphosphate and diacylglycerol. These molecules cause a chain reaction that leads to the phosphorylation of myosin light chains and promotes interaction between actin and myosin, leading to smooth...
Antihypertensive Drugs: Vasodilators01:23

Antihypertensive Drugs: Vasodilators

Vasodilators, primarily affecting the smooth muscles within arterial and venous walls, are commonly used for hypertension treatment. Medications such as minoxidil and hydralazine primarily target arteries and arterioles, while sodium nitroprusside acts on arterioles and venules. Minoxidil, functioning as a prodrug, is metabolized by hepatic sulfotransferase into its active form, minoxidil sulfate, after oral administration. This metabolite binds to the sulfonylurea receptor (SUR) component of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

Improved Renal Denervation Mitigated Hypertension Induced by Angiotensin II Infusion
08:35

Improved Renal Denervation Mitigated Hypertension Induced by Angiotensin II Infusion

Published on: May 26, 2022

Renal denervation for hypertension.

Stefan C Bertog1, Paul A Sobotka, Horst Sievert

  • 1Cardiovascular Center Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.

JACC. Cardiovascular Interventions
|March 24, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Resistant hypertension is often poorly controlled with medication. Targeting the renal sympathetic nervous system (SNS) offers a promising alternative treatment strategy for managing blood pressure and improving patient outcomes.

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Improved Home Blood Pressure Control by CT-guided Ozone-mediated Renal Denervation for Patients with Resistant Hypertension
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Last Updated: May 23, 2026

Improved Renal Denervation Mitigated Hypertension Induced by Angiotensin II Infusion
08:35

Improved Renal Denervation Mitigated Hypertension Induced by Angiotensin II Infusion

Published on: May 26, 2022

Improved Home Blood Pressure Control by CT-guided Ozone-mediated Renal Denervation for Patients with Resistant Hypertension
04:37

Improved Home Blood Pressure Control by CT-guided Ozone-mediated Renal Denervation for Patients with Resistant Hypertension

Published on: June 6, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Medicine
  • Nephrology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Systemic hypertension poses a significant health burden, linked to severe cardiac and cerebral events.
  • Current antihypertensive therapies, while effective, frequently result in suboptimal blood pressure control and adverse drug effects, impacting patient compliance.
  • The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) plays a crucial role in hypertension pathogenesis, with recent focus on the renal SNS.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the anatomy and physiology of the renal sympathetic nervous system (SNS).
  • To explore the rationale for therapeutic manipulation of the SNS in hypertension.
  • To summarize the outcomes of renal sympathetic denervation for treating resistant hypertension.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on renal sympathetic nervous system (SNS) anatomy, physiology, and its role in hypertension.
  • Analysis of studies investigating the effects of interrupting the renal SNS in patients with resistant hypertension.
  • Synthesis of data on therapeutic renal sympathetic denervation outcomes.

Main Results:

  • The renal SNS is implicated in the development and maintenance of hypertension.
  • Interruption of the renal SNS has demonstrated promising results in patients with resistant hypertension.
  • Therapeutic renal sympathetic denervation presents a viable alternative treatment strategy.

Conclusions:

  • The renal sympathetic nervous system is a key target for managing resistant hypertension.
  • Renal sympathetic denervation offers a potentially effective treatment option for patients with suboptimal blood pressure control.
  • Further research into SNS modulation may lead to improved hypertension management strategies.