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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to Virus01:28

Introduction to Virus

Viruses are unique biological entities that blur the boundary between living and non-living systems. Although they lack cellular structure and metabolic processes, they can exhibit characteristics of life when infecting a host. Their defining feature is a nucleic acid core, composed of either DNA or RNA, encapsulated within a protein coat called a capsid. This simple structure allows them to invade host cells and use their machinery for replication efficiently.Viral Structure and...
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Viruses of Archaea

Archaeal viruses play a crucial role in the ecosystems of extremophilic archaea, particularly those belonging to the phyla Euryarchaeota and Crenarchaeota. By shaping host evolution and facilitating gene transfer, these viruses influence microbial communities and contribute to genetic diversity in extreme environments. The archaea they infect thrive in acidic hot springs and hydrothermal vents characterized by high temperatures and low pH. Archaeal viruses exhibit remarkable structural...
Subviral Agents01:29

Subviral Agents

Subviral agents are infectious entities that resemble viruses but lack one or more viral components, such as a capsid or essential replication machinery. These agents include viroids, prions, and satellites, each possessing distinct structural and functional characteristics that influence their mode of infection and replication.Viroids are the simplest subviral agents, consisting of circular, single-stranded RNA molecules without a protein coat. They exclusively infect plants, relying entirely...
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Viruses with RNA Genomes

RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
Viral Structure00:56

Viral Structure

Viruses are extraordinarily diverse in shape and size, but they all have several structural features in common. All viruses have a core that contains a DNA- or RNA-based genome. The core is surrounded by a protective coat of proteins called the capsid. The capsid is composed of subunits called capsomeres. The capsid and genome-containing core are together known as the nucleocapsid.

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Highly Sensitive Assay for Measurement of Arenavirus-cell Attachment
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Highly Sensitive Assay for Measurement of Arenavirus-cell Attachment

Published on: March 2, 2016

Late-penetrating viruses.

Pierre-Yves Lozach1, Jatta Huotari, Ari Helenius

  • 1Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zurich, Schafmattstrasse 18, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.

Current Opinion in Virology
|March 24, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Many viruses delay entry into host cells until reaching deep endocytic vacuoles. These late-penetrating viruses (L-PVs) are sensitive to disruptions in endosome maturation and transport pathways.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Many animal viruses, both enveloped and non-enveloped, exhibit delayed penetration into the host cell cytosol.
  • This delay typically occurs after the virus reaches endocytic vacuoles within the cytoplasm.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review late-penetrating viruses (L-PVs) and their interactions with the host cell's endocytic machinery.
  • To highlight the sensitivity of L-PVs to disruptions in endosomal sorting and maturation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on L-PVs from various virus families.
  • Analysis of the mechanisms governing delayed viral penetration and endosomal trafficking.

Main Results:

  • Late timing of penetration is often dictated by a low pH threshold (pH 6.2-4.9) for acid-activated entry.
  • L-PVs are susceptible to pathway perturbations affecting Rab switching, intraluminal vesicle formation, and microtubule transport.

Conclusions:

  • L-PVs rely on specific endocytic machinery for successful host cell entry.
  • Understanding these interactions is crucial for comprehending viral pathogenesis and developing antiviral strategies.