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Related Concept Videos

Bacterial Toxins01:12

Bacterial Toxins

Bacterial toxins are sophisticated virulence factors that enable pathogenic bacteria to interact with, invade, and damage host tissues. These toxins fall broadly into two types: protein exotoxins, which are secreted into the environment and target specific host receptors, and lipopolysaccharide endotoxins, which are structural components of the bacterial outer membrane released primarily during bacterial lysis or membrane shedding. Exotoxins generally act more selectively, binding to cell...
Bacterial Gastroenteritis01:18

Bacterial Gastroenteritis

Bacterial gastroenteritis, characterized by diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and vomiting, is often caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water and is frequently associated with pathogenic Escherichia coli strains. These microbes exploit two principal mechanisms to inflict disease.Shiga toxin–producing E. coli, also referred to as STEC—notably O157:H7—release Shiga toxins that target ribosomes, blocking protein synthesis. The B subunit of the toxin binds the host glycolipid receptor...
Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection

The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
The integrity and count of the white blood cells help the body resist pathogens and fight infection. When impaired, it reduces the body's resistance to pathogens. The acidic pH levels of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary tracts, and skin create...
Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Crohn's Disease01:25

Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Crohn's Disease

Crohn’s disease is a chronic, relapsing form of inflammatory bowel disease characterized by segmental, transmural inflammation that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract. Its pathogenesis arises from a combination of genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, epithelial barrier dysfunction, and immune dysregulation. Together, these factors lead to an exaggerated immune response against components of the gut microbiome.Genetic and Environmental InfluencesMultiple genetic...
Drug Toxicity: Risk factors01:24

Drug Toxicity: Risk factors

Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) are potential complications that arise during pharmacotherapy, influenced by multiple risk factors. Age plays a significant role; both neonates and the elderly are at heightened risk due to their respective immature and diminished metabolic and elimination processes. Gender also impacts ADRs, with females experiencing a 1.5 to 1.7-fold greater risk than males, which may be linked to pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and hormonal differences. Notably, neonates, the...
Inflammatory Bowel Disease I: Ulcerative Colitis01:27

Inflammatory Bowel Disease I: Ulcerative Colitis

Introduction
Inflammatory bowel disease, or IBD, encompasses a group of disorders characterized by chronic inflammation or ulceration of the gastrointestinal tract.
Risk Factors
The exact cause of IBD remains unclear, although it is believed to be due to a mix of genetic, environmental, microbial, and immune factors. Genetic factors are significant in determining susceptibility to IBD, with family history being a critical risk factor. Individuals with a first-degree relative who has IBD are at...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

A Protein Microarray Assay for Serological Determination of Antigen-specific Antibody Responses Following Clostridium difficile Infection
09:12

A Protein Microarray Assay for Serological Determination of Antigen-specific Antibody Responses Following Clostridium difficile Infection

Published on: June 15, 2018

Risk factors for Clostridium difficile toxin-positive diarrhea: a population-based prospective case-control study.

I Vesteinsdottir1, S Gudlaugsdottir, R Einarsdottir

  • 1Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland.

European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology
|March 24, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Clostridium difficile infections (CDI) are a growing concern, particularly in the elderly. Key risk factors include certain antibiotics, hospital stays, and proton pump inhibitor use, highlighting areas for prevention.

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Cefoperazone-treated Mouse Model of Clinically-relevant Clostridium difficile Strain R20291
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A Protocol to Characterize the Morphological Changes of Clostridium difficile in Response to Antibiotic Treatment
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A Protocol to Characterize the Morphological Changes of Clostridium difficile in Response to Antibiotic Treatment

Published on: May 25, 2017

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A Protein Microarray Assay for Serological Determination of Antigen-specific Antibody Responses Following Clostridium difficile Infection
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A Protein Microarray Assay for Serological Determination of Antigen-specific Antibody Responses Following Clostridium difficile Infection

Published on: June 15, 2018

Cefoperazone-treated Mouse Model of Clinically-relevant Clostridium difficile Strain R20291
06:51

Cefoperazone-treated Mouse Model of Clinically-relevant Clostridium difficile Strain R20291

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A Protocol to Characterize the Morphological Changes of Clostridium difficile in Response to Antibiotic Treatment
12:58

A Protocol to Characterize the Morphological Changes of Clostridium difficile in Response to Antibiotic Treatment

Published on: May 25, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Epidemiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Clostridium difficile infections (CDIs) present a significant and increasing public health challenge.
  • Understanding and mitigating risk factors are crucial for reducing CDI incidence and severity.
  • Population-based data on CDI incidence and risk factors are essential for targeted interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the incidence of Clostridium difficile infections (CDIs) in Iceland.
  • To identify and assess independent risk factors associated with CDI development.
  • To evaluate the prevalence of specific medications and healthcare exposures in CDI patients.

Main Methods:

  • A 1-year prospective, population-based, nationwide study was conducted in Iceland.
  • 128 CDI cases were identified and matched with two negative controls each for risk factor analysis.
  • Statistical analysis included calculating crude incidence and odds ratios for identified risk factors.

Main Results:

  • The crude incidence of CDI was 54 cases per 100,000 population over 18 years, increasing with age.
  • Independent risk factors identified include specific antibiotics (dicloxacillin, clindamycin, ceftriaxone), retirement home residency, and recent hospital stays.
  • Proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use (54% vs. 41%) and ciprofloxacin use (17% vs. 9%) were significantly more prevalent in CDI cases.

Conclusions:

  • Clostridium difficile infections (CDIs) disproportionately affect the elderly population.
  • Broad-spectrum antibiotics, recent healthcare contact, and proton pump inhibitor use are significant risk factors for CDI.
  • Targeted preventive strategies focusing on these modifiable risk factors are recommended.