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Related Concept Videos

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
04:39

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

Published on: March 17, 2023

Thyroid disorders during pregnancy.

Cynthia F Yazbeck1, Shannon D Sullivan

  • 1Division of Endocrinology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.

The Medical Clinics of North America
|March 27, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thyroid disorders during pregnancy require prompt identification and management. Untreated hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism pose risks to both mother and fetus, necessitating appropriate medical interventions.

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Synchronous Triplanar Reconstruction Integrated with Color Doppler Mapping for Precise and Rapid Localization of Thyroid Lesions
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Last Updated: May 23, 2026

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
04:39

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

Published on: March 17, 2023

Synchronous Triplanar Reconstruction Integrated with Color Doppler Mapping for Precise and Rapid Localization of Thyroid Lesions
05:41

Synchronous Triplanar Reconstruction Integrated with Color Doppler Mapping for Precise and Rapid Localization of Thyroid Lesions

Published on: February 9, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Endocrinology
  • Reproductive Health

Background:

  • Thyroid dysfunction, including hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, frequently affects pregnant women.
  • Untreated thyroid disorders during gestation can lead to adverse maternal and fetal outcomes.
  • Accurate diagnosis and timely treatment are crucial for managing pregnancy-related thyroid complications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the diagnostic and management strategies for thyroid disorders in pregnant women.
  • To emphasize the importance of appropriate treatment to mitigate risks.
  • To discuss the management of thyroid cancer diagnosed during pregnancy.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature and clinical guidelines for thyroid disorder management during pregnancy.
  • Discussion of pharmacologic treatments: Levothyroxine for hypothyroidism and thionamides for hyperthyroidism.
  • Consideration of surgical interventions like thyroidectomy and contraindication of radioactive iodine therapy.

Main Results:

  • Levothyroxine is the standard treatment for hypothyroidism in pregnancy.
  • Thionamides are the preferred pharmacologic agents for hyperthyroidism during pregnancy.
  • Radioactive iodine administration is strictly prohibited during pregnancy and lactation.

Conclusions:

  • Effective management of thyroid disorders during pregnancy is essential for favorable maternal and fetal outcomes.
  • Treatment decisions, including the timing of thyroidectomy for thyroid cancer, require careful consideration.
  • Adherence to treatment guidelines minimizes the risks associated with thyroid dysfunction in pregnant individuals.