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Genomics

Genomics

Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...

Next-generation Sequencing

Next-generation Sequencing

The first human genome sequencing project cost $2.7 billion and was declared complete in 2003, after 15 years of international cooperation and collaboration between several research teams and funding agencies. Today, with the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies, the cost and time of sequencing a human genome have dropped over 100 fold.
Next-Generation Sequencing Methods
Although all next-generation methods use different technologies, they all share a set of standard features.

Genome Annotation and Assembly

Genome Annotation and Assembly

The genome refers to all of the genetic material in an organism. It can range from a few million base pairs in microbial cells to several billion base pairs in many eukaryotic organisms. Genome assembly refers to the process of taking the DNA sequencing data and putting it all back together in a correct order to create a close representation of the original genome. This is followed by the identification of functional elements on the newly assembled genome, a process called genome annotation.

Sanger Sequencing

Sanger Sequencing

DNA sequencing is a fundamental technique that is routinely used in the biological sciences. This method can be applied to a range of questions at different scales - from the sequencing of a cloned DNA fragment or the study of a mutation in a gene up to whole-genome sequencing. However, despite the widespread use of sequencing today, it was not until 1977 that Fredrick Sanger and his collaborators developed the chain-termination method to decode DNA sequences. It relies on the separation of a...

Maxam-Gilbert Sequencing

Maxam-Gilbert Sequencing

In the same year as the discovery of the Sanger sequencing method, another group of scientists, Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert, demonstrated their chemical-cleavage method for DNA sequencing. The Maxam-Gilbert method relies on using different chemicals that can cleave the DNA sequence at specific sites, the separation of resulting DNA fragments of variable size using electrophoresis, and deciphering the DNA sequence from the resulting gel bands.
Challenges of the Maxam-Gilbert Method
The...

Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons

Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons

Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

Optimization and Comparative Analysis of Plant Organellar DNA Enrichment Methods Suitable for Next-generation Sequencing

Optimization and Comparative Analysis of Plant Organellar DNA Enrichment Methods Suitable for Next-generation Sequencing

Published on: July 28, 2017

Advances in plant genome sequencing.

John P Hamilton¹, C Robin Buell

¹Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.

The Plant Journal : for Cell and Molecular Biology

|March 28, 2012

Summary

21st-century plant biology research is revolutionized by genomics, enabling detailed genetic blueprints and population-level analysis. Advances in sequencing technology and bioinformatics promise deeper insights into plant life.

Area of Science:

Plant Biology
Genomics
Bioinformatics

Background:

21st-century plant biology research has been transformed by genomics.
Genomics provides genetic blueprints for numerous plant species and population-level variation.

Purpose of the Study:

To highlight the impact of genomics on plant biology.
To discuss challenges and advancements in plant genome sequencing and analysis.

Main Methods:

Utilizing genomics methods to analyze plant genetic blueprints.
Employing advanced algorithms and technologies for genome, transcriptome, and epigenome data generation.
Generating de novo transcriptome assemblies to bypass complex plant genomes.

Main Results:

More Related Videos

Novel Sequence Discovery by Subtractive Genomics

Novel Sequence Discovery by Subtractive Genomics

Published on: January 25, 2019

Transcriptomic Analysis of C. elegans RNA Sequencing Data Through the Tuxedo Suite on the Galaxy Project

Transcriptomic Analysis of C. elegans RNA Sequencing Data Through the Tuxedo Suite on the Galaxy Project

Published on: April 8, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 23, 2026

Optimization and Comparative Analysis of Plant Organellar DNA Enrichment Methods Suitable for Next-generation Sequencing

Optimization and Comparative Analysis of Plant Organellar DNA Enrichment Methods Suitable for Next-generation Sequencing

Published on: July 28, 2017

Novel Sequence Discovery by Subtractive Genomics

Novel Sequence Discovery by Subtractive Genomics

Published on: January 25, 2019

Transcriptomic Analysis of C. elegans RNA Sequencing Data Through the Tuxedo Suite on the Galaxy Project

Transcriptomic Analysis of C. elegans RNA Sequencing Data Through the Tuxedo Suite on the Galaxy Project

Published on: April 8, 2017

Genomics has enabled deep inferences into plant biology.
Sequencing plant genomes presents challenges like ploidy, heterozygosity, and duplication.
Transcriptome assemblies offer an alternative for recalcitrant species.

Conclusions:

Technological improvements in sequencing platforms are key drivers.
Software and algorithm development are crucial for handling large, repetitive plant genomes.
Future advancements promise exponential improvements in understanding plant biology.