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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Angiogenesis and Blood Supply01:24

Regulation of Angiogenesis and Blood Supply

Rapidly dividing tumors, embryos, and wounded tissues require more oxygen than usual, lowering the oxygen concentration in the blood. At low oxygen or hypoxic conditions, an oxygen-sensitive transcription factor called the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 or HIF1 is activated. HIF1 is a dimeric protein of alpha (ɑ) and beta (β) subunits.  Under optimal oxygen conditions, HIF1β is present in the nucleus while HIF1ɑ remains in the cytosol. HIF1ɑ is hydroxylated by prolyl hydroxylase and factor...
Bone Remodeling and Repair01:31

Bone Remodeling and Repair

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...
Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...
The Functions of the Skeletal System01:22

The Functions of the Skeletal System

The most apparent functions of the skeletal system are support, protection, and movement. However, bone tissue also performs several other critical metabolic functions. For one, the bone matrix acts as a reservoir for a number of minerals important to the functioning of the body, especially calcium and phosphorus. These minerals, present in the bone tissue, can be released back into the bloodstream when required. Calcium ions, for example, are essential for muscle contractions and controlling...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

Using Inducible Osteoblastic Lineage-Specific Stat3 Knockout Mice to Study Alveolar Bone Remodeling During Orthodontic Tooth Movement
05:25

Using Inducible Osteoblastic Lineage-Specific Stat3 Knockout Mice to Study Alveolar Bone Remodeling During Orthodontic Tooth Movement

Published on: July 21, 2023

Hypoxia-driven pathways in bone development, regeneration and disease.

Christa Maes1, Geert Carmeliet, Ernestina Schipani

  • 1Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, GHB O&N 1, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium.

Nature Reviews. Rheumatology
|March 28, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cells adapt to low oxygen (hypoxia) via hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), crucial for development and disease. Research in animal models reveals their roles in bone, cartilage, and blood homeostasis.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 23, 2026

Using Inducible Osteoblastic Lineage-Specific Stat3 Knockout Mice to Study Alveolar Bone Remodeling During Orthodontic Tooth Movement
05:25

Using Inducible Osteoblastic Lineage-Specific Stat3 Knockout Mice to Study Alveolar Bone Remodeling During Orthodontic Tooth Movement

Published on: July 21, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Cellular Biology
  • Physiology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Hypoxia is a critical cellular event in both normal development and pathological conditions like cancer and ischemia.
  • Oxygen acts as a metabolic substrate and a regulatory signal controlling genetic programs for tissue homeostasis.
  • Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), specifically HIF-1 and HIF-2, are key mediators of cellular adaptation to low-oxygen environments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on HIF signaling in cartilage, bone, and blood.
  • To highlight the intricate relationship between HIF and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in these tissues.
  • To understand the homeostatic responses mediated by HIFs and VEGF using data from animal models.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing scientific literature.
  • Analysis of data from genetically altered mouse models.
  • Focus on the roles of HIF-1, HIF-2, and VEGF in skeletal development, bone homeostasis, and hematopoiesis.

Main Results:

  • Genetically altered mice studies identified crucial roles for HIF-1 and HIF-2 in regulating skeletal development, bone homeostasis, and hematopoiesis.
  • VEGF, a downstream target of the HIF pathway, is also integral to these regulatory processes.
  • Animal model research elucidates cell-autonomous, paracrine, and autocrine effects of HIF and VEGF signaling.

Conclusions:

  • HIF and VEGF signaling pathways are central to cellular adaptation to hypoxia.
  • These pathways play significant roles in the development and homeostasis of cartilage, bone, and blood.
  • Understanding these complex interactions in animal models enhances knowledge of tissue regulation and response to oxygen levels.