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Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra01:19

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The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...
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Accessory Ducts of the Male Reproductive System

The male reproductive system is a complex network of organs and tissues that work together to produce and transport sperm. The epididymis, vasa deferens, ejaculatory ducts, and urethra are the accessory ducts involved in sperm maturation and transportation. These ducts play a critical role in the production and transportation of sperm from the testes to the urethra, where it is then released during ejaculation.
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External Female Genitals01:15

External Female Genitals

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The human urogenital system, once thought to be sterile in healthy individuals, is now recognized as a complex microbial habitat. Advancements in molecular sequencing techniques have revealed that even in healthy adults, the kidneys and bladder harbor microbial populations similar to those found in the distal urethra, albeit in much lower abundance. These resident microorganisms, while generally innocuous, can become opportunistic pathogens under conditions that alter the urogenital...
Urethra01:16

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The urethra is a hollowed tubular organ through which urine is expelled from the body. This structure extends from the bladder to the external opening, allowing urine to be released.
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Ureters01:22

Ureters

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Urogenital fistula.

Micheline J Wong1, Keri Wong, Azadeh Rezvan

  • 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA. micheline.wong@gmail.com

Female Pelvic Medicine & Reconstructive Surgery
|March 29, 2012
PubMed
Summary

This review covers urogenital fistulae, including vesicovaginal and obstetric types. It examines causes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention strategies for these complex conditions.

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Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Gynecology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Urogenital fistulae, including vesicovaginal, urethrovaginal, ureterovaginal, vesicocervical, and vesicouterine types, represent significant challenges in women's health.
  • Obstetric fistulae are prevalent in developing nations, often resulting from prolonged or obstructed labor.
  • Iatrogenic fistulae, frequently caused by surgical or medical interventions, are the leading cause in developed countries.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of the current literature on urogenital fistulae.
  • To consolidate evidence regarding the etiology, diagnosis, management, and prevention of various types of urogenital fistulae.
  • To differentiate between obstetric and iatrogenic causes and their geographical prevalence.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature review of existing research on urogenital fistulae.
  • Analysis of studies focusing on etiological factors, diagnostic methods, treatment modalities, and preventive measures.
  • Categorization of fistulae based on their origin (obstetric vs. iatrogenic) and anatomical location.

Main Results:

  • The review synthesizes data on the diverse origins of urogenital fistulae.
  • It highlights the distinct epidemiological patterns of obstetric fistulae in developing regions versus iatrogenic fistulae in industrialized nations.
  • Evidence on diagnostic accuracy and the efficacy of various management and prevention strategies is summarized.

Conclusions:

  • Urogenital fistulae require a multifaceted approach considering their specific etiology and patient context.
  • Effective management and prevention strategies are crucial for improving patient outcomes and reducing the global burden of these conditions.
  • Further research is needed to enhance diagnostic tools and treatment efficacy, particularly for obstetric fistulae.