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Related Concept Videos

Calmodulin-dependent Signaling01:16

Calmodulin-dependent Signaling

Calmodulin (CaM) is a calcium-binding protein in eukaryotes that controls various calcium-regulated cellular processes. It has four calcium-binding sites that bind calcium to form the calcium-calmodulin ( Ca2+-CaM) complex. GPCR stimulation increases the calcium levels in the cells that bind to CaM and induces a conformational change.
The Ca2+-CaM complex does not have enzymatic activity by itself. Instead, the complex binds downstream target proteins, including membrane proteins or enzymes,...
Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
Roles of Electrolytes: Calcium and Phosphate01:27

Roles of Electrolytes: Calcium and Phosphate

Calcium and phosphate are essential electrolytes in the human body, with calcium being the most abundant mineral. Around 99% of the body's calcium is stored in the skeleton and teeth, forming a crystal lattice of mineral salts in combination with phosphates. Calcium plays crucial roles in various bodily functions such as blood clotting, neurotransmitter release, muscle tone maintenance, and nervous and muscle tissue excitability.
The calcium concentration in blood plasma is primarily regulated...
Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin00:51

Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin

Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
The exact mechanisms by which calcitonin operates in calcium homeostasis remain elusive, but its significance is evident in several vital...
Structure of Cadherins01:25

Structure of Cadherins

The cadherins were one of the first cell adhesion molecules discovered; the term “cadherins”   is based on their calcium-dependent adhering properties. The first cadherins discovered on the epithelial, neuronal, and placental cells were named E-cadherin, P-cadherin, and N-cadherin, respectively. These classical cadherins share sequence and structural similarities. Other cadherins, including those involved in cell signaling, are grouped into non-classical cadherins. This diversity of cadherins...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

Pull-down of Calmodulin-binding Proteins
07:51

Pull-down of Calmodulin-binding Proteins

Published on: January 23, 2012

Calcium binding proteins.

Matilde Yáñez1, José Gil-Longo, Manuel Campos-Toimil

  • 1Departamento de Farmacoloxía. Facultade de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida, E-15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|March 29, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Calcium binding proteins (CBPs) are essential for cellular signaling, acting as sensors and transporters. This review details diverse CBP structures, locations, functions, and their therapeutic potential in human diseases.

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Last Updated: May 23, 2026

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Published on: January 23, 2012

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Calcium ions (Ca2+) act as crucial second messengers in cellular processes.
  • A diverse array of calcium binding proteins (CBPs) mediates Ca2+ signaling by binding this ion.
  • CBPs regulate cytosolic Ca2+ levels and participate in cellular functions as transporters or sensors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the major Ca2+-modulated calcium binding proteins.
  • To classify CBPs based on their structural domains and cellular location (intracellular and extracellular).
  • To discuss the structure, location, function, and therapeutic potential of various CBPs.

Main Methods:

  • Review of intracellular CBPs with EF-hand domains (parvalbumin, calmodulin, S100, calcineurin).
  • Review of intracellular CBPs lacking EF-hand domains (calreticulin, calsequestrin, annexins, C2 domain proteins like PKC, sinaptotagmin).
  • Classification of extracellular CBPs into six groups based on Ca2+ binding structures.

Main Results:

  • Detailed overview of EF-hand containing intracellular CBPs.
  • Comprehensive analysis of intracellular CBPs without EF-hand domains, including those in Ca2+ stores and C2 domain proteins.
  • Systematic classification of extracellular CBPs based on distinct Ca2+ binding domains (EF-hand, EGF-like, GLA-rich, cadherin, C-type lectin-like, GPCR family C).

Conclusions:

  • Calcium binding proteins exhibit diverse structures and functions, crucial for Ca2+ signaling.
  • Understanding CBP structure, location, and function is key to exploring their roles in human diseases.
  • CBPs represent significant pharmacological targets for various human diseases.