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Related Concept Videos

Calmodulin-dependent Signaling01:16

Calmodulin-dependent Signaling

Calmodulin (CaM) is a calcium-binding protein in eukaryotes that controls various calcium-regulated cellular processes. It has four calcium-binding sites that bind calcium to form the calcium-calmodulin ( Ca2+-CaM) complex. GPCR stimulation increases the calcium levels in the cells that bind to CaM and induces a conformational change.
The Ca2+-CaM complex does not have enzymatic activity by itself. Instead, the complex binds downstream target proteins, including membrane proteins or enzymes,...
Intracellular Signaling Cascades01:24

Intracellular Signaling Cascades

Once a ligand binds to a receptor, the signal is transmitted through the membrane and into the cytoplasm. The continuation of a signal in this manner is called signal transduction. Signal transduction only occurs with cell-surface receptors, which cannot interact with most components of the cell, such as DNA. Only internal receptors can interact directly with DNA in the nucleus to initiate protein synthesis. When a ligand binds to its receptor, conformational changes occur that affect the...
Intracellular Signaling Cascades01:24

Intracellular Signaling Cascades

Once a ligand binds to a receptor, the signal is transmitted through the membrane and into the cytoplasm. The continuation of a signal in this manner is called signal transduction. Signal transduction only occurs with cell-surface receptors, which cannot interact with most components of the cell, such as DNA. Only internal receptors can interact directly with DNA in the nucleus to initiate protein synthesis. When a ligand binds to its receptor, conformational changes occur that affect the...
Diversity in Cell Signaling Responses01:22

Diversity in Cell Signaling Responses

The physiological function of a cell and cellular communication are outcomes of a range of extrinsic signals, intracellular signaling pathways, and cellular responses. No two cell types express the same repertoire of signaling components. Receptors are highly selective for their cognate ligands, but once activated, they can alter multiple cellular processes such as DNA transcription, protein synthesis, and metabolic activity. 
Graded and Abrupt Responses
Some signaling systems generate...
Interactions Between Signaling Pathways01:19

Interactions Between Signaling Pathways

Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
Convergence and divergence, and cross-talk between signaling pathways
Two distinct signaling pathways can converge on a single functional unit, which may either be a single protein or a complex of proteins. The response is either functionally distinct or synergistic between the two pathways but different from the response...
Non-Canonical Wnt Signaling Pathways01:41

Non-Canonical Wnt Signaling Pathways

Wnt is a zygotic effect gene that is expressed during very early embryonic development. It regulates various processes in animals starting from early development through the adult stage, such as organogenesis in the embryo and maintenance of neuronal and blood stem cells. Wnt proteins can induce a wide variety of intracellular pathways depending upon the specific abilities of different Wnt ligands to form a complex with shared and cognate receptors in the presence of different co-receptors. The...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

Single-Cell Calcium Imaging for Studying the Activation of Calcium Ion Channels
07:17

Single-Cell Calcium Imaging for Studying the Activation of Calcium Ion Channels

Published on: December 13, 2024

Calcium signaling: from single channels to pathways.

Alexander Skupin1, Kevin Thurley

  • 1Luxembourg Centre of Systems Biomedicine, University Luxembourg, Luxembourg. alexander.skupin@uni.lu

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|March 29, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Calcium (Ca2+) signaling, a key cellular process, transforms single molecule events into cell-wide responses. This study demonstrates how dynamic modeling reveals stochastic Ca2+ oscillations and illuminates core cell signaling principles.

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Dissection of Local Ca2+ Signals in Cultured Cells by Membrane-targeted Ca2+ Indicators
11:33

Dissection of Local Ca2+ Signals in Cultured Cells by Membrane-targeted Ca2+ Indicators

Published on: March 22, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Cellular Biology
  • Biophysics
  • Systems Biology

Background:

  • Calcium ions (Ca2+) are crucial, versatile second messengers in cellular signaling.
  • Understanding Ca2+ signaling is vital for comprehending cellular regulation and adaptation.
  • Existing knowledge enables mechanistic and quantitative insights into Ca2+ pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the interplay between experimental and theoretical approaches in Ca2+ signaling research.
  • To demonstrate the utility of dynamic bottom-up modeling in addressing biological questions.
  • To illuminate fundamental biological principles governing cell signaling through Ca2+ dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental investigation of Ca2+ signaling pathways.
  • Development and application of dynamic bottom-up computational models.
  • Analysis of single-channel signatures and their propagation to the cellular level.

Main Results:

  • Ca2+ signaling exhibits hierarchical organization, translating single-molecule behavior to cell-wide signals.
  • Experimental evidence shows single-channel Ca2+ signatures are carried to the whole-cell level.
  • Ca2+ oscillations are demonstrated to be stochastic in nature.

Conclusions:

  • Dynamic bottom-up modeling is a powerful tool for understanding complex biological systems.
  • The hierarchical organization of Ca2+ signaling contributes to reliable cellular responses.
  • This approach provides novel insights into the principles of cell signaling and biological regulation.