Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Bioreactor Controls-III

Bioreactor Controls-III

Strain improvement is a foundational strategy in industrial microbiology aimed at maximizing microbial productivity, particularly because natural isolates typically yield commercially valuable products in very low concentrations. Although optimizing the culture medium and environmental conditions can improve yields, these adjustments are inherently limited by the organism’s genetic potential. As a result, the focus shifts toward genetic modifications to enhance biosynthetic capacity. The...

Leaky Scanning

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA. Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...

Yeast Signaling

Yeast Signaling

Yeasts are single-celled organisms, but unlike bacteria, they are eukaryotes (cells with a nucleus). Cell signaling in yeast is similar to signaling in other eukaryotic cells. A ligand, such as a protein or a small molecule released from a yeast cell, attaches to a receptor on the cell surface. The binding stimulates second-messenger kinases to activate or inactivate transcription factors that further regulate gene expression. Many of the yeast intracellular signaling cascades have similar...

What is Gene Expression?

What is Gene Expression?

A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then processed and...

The Central Dogma

The Central Dogma

Translation in Prokaryotes

Translation in Prokaryotes

Prokaryote translation is a complex, highly coordinated process that converts genetic information from mRNA into functional proteins. It involves three stages: initiation, elongation, and termination, each facilitated by specific molecular components.Initiation of TranslationThe process begins with the assembly of the ribosomal subunits and initiation factors on the mRNA. In bacteria, the 30S ribosomal subunit recognizes the Shine-Dalgarno sequence in the mRNA, a conserved region upstream of...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Evaluating protein complexes between human aquaporin and calmodulin using biomolecular fluorescence complementation.

Scientific reports·2025

Same author

Successful strategies for expression and purification of ABC transporters.

Biochimica et biophysica acta. Biomembranes·2024

Same author

High-resolution structure of a fish aquaporin reveals a novel extracellular fold.

Life science alliance·2022

Same author

Yeast as a tool for membrane protein production and structure determination.

FEMS yeast research·2022

Same author

A bimolecular fluorescence complementation flow cytometry screen for membrane protein interactions.

Scientific reports·2021

Same author

Molecular Level Characterization of Circulating Aquaporin-4 Antibodies in Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder.

Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation·2021

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

In Vivo Monitoring of Transcriptional Activity During Metabolic Transition Using a Bioluminescent Reporter in Yeast

In Vivo Monitoring of Transcriptional Activity During Metabolic Transition Using a Bioluminescent Reporter in Yeast

Published on: February 21, 2025

Codon optimisation for heterologous gene expression in yeast.

Kristina Hedfalk¹

¹Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden. kristina.hedfalk@chem.gu.se

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)

|March 29, 2012

Summary

Optimizing heterologous protein production, especially for eukaryotic membrane proteins, remains challenging. This work discusses genetic strategies like altering sequences near the start codon and optimizing the genetic code for enhanced protein yield.

More Related Videos

Targeted in Situ Mutagenesis of Histone Genes in Budding Yeast

Targeted in Situ Mutagenesis of Histone Genes in Budding Yeast

Published on: January 26, 2017

A Modified Yeast-one Hybrid System for Heteromeric Protein Complex-DNA Interaction Studies

A Modified Yeast-one Hybrid System for Heteromeric Protein Complex-DNA Interaction Studies

Published on: July 24, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 23, 2026

In Vivo Monitoring of Transcriptional Activity During Metabolic Transition Using a Bioluminescent Reporter in Yeast

In Vivo Monitoring of Transcriptional Activity During Metabolic Transition Using a Bioluminescent Reporter in Yeast

Published on: February 21, 2025

Targeted in Situ Mutagenesis of Histone Genes in Budding Yeast

Targeted in Situ Mutagenesis of Histone Genes in Budding Yeast

Published on: January 26, 2017

A Modified Yeast-one Hybrid System for Heteromeric Protein Complex-DNA Interaction Studies

A Modified Yeast-one Hybrid System for Heteromeric Protein Complex-DNA Interaction Studies

Published on: July 24, 2017

Area of Science:

Biotechnology and Molecular Biology
Protein Engineering and Production

Background:

Heterologous protein production aims to increase the yield of target proteins.
Current methods lack standardization, with key factors for optimal experiments poorly understood.
Eukaryotic and membrane proteins present particular challenges for efficient production.

Purpose of the Study:

To address the complexities of heterologous protein production, focusing on yield enhancement.
To explore genetic strategies for improving the production of challenging protein targets, particularly eukaryotic membrane proteins.
To provide practical insights and troubleshooting for optimizing protein production.

Main Methods:

Discussing genetic-level strategies to influence protein yield.
Focusing on altering the sequence surrounding the starting ATG (translation initiation site).
Detailing the optimization of the genetic code for specific production hosts.

Main Results:

Identified two primary genetic approaches to positively impact protein yield.
Provided practical examples and troubleshooting guidance for implementing these strategies.
Highlighted the importance of sequence context and codon optimization for successful protein expression.

Conclusions:

Genetic modifications, including start codon context and codon usage, are crucial for enhancing heterologous protein production.
Further understanding and application of these strategies can streamline the production of valuable proteins, especially complex eukaryotic membrane proteins.
This chapter offers a practical guide for researchers aiming to improve protein yields in biotechnological applications.