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Related Concept Videos

Hydrogen Bonds01:04

Hydrogen Bonds

A hydrogen bond is formed when a weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom (for example, the oxygen in the water molecule) is attracted to another electronegative atom from another polar molecule, such as water (H2O), hydrogen fluoride (HF), or ammonia (NH3). The huge electronegativity difference between the H atom (2.1) and the atom to which it is bonded (4.0 for an F atom, 3.5 for an O atom, or 3.0 for an N atom), combined with the very small size of an H atom...
Hydrogen Bonds00:26

Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between atoms that have formed other chemical bonds. One of these atoms is electronegative, like oxygen, and has a partial negative charge. The other is a hydrogen atom that has bonded with another electronegative atom and has a partial positive charge.
Hydrogen Bonds Control the World!
Because hydrogen has very weak electronegativity when it binds with a strongly electronegative atom, such as oxygen or nitrogen, electrons in the bond are unequally shared.
Alkyl Halides02:45

Alkyl Halides

Structural Properties
Alkyl halides are halogen-substituted alkanes wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane is replaced by a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The carbon atom in an alkyl halide is bonded to the halogen atom, which is sp3-hybridized and exhibits a tetrahedral shape.
Unlike alkyl halides, compounds in which a halogen atom is bonded to an sp2 -hybridized carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) are called vinyl halides. Whereas aryl...
Structures of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives01:28

Structures of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

Structure of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
Carboxylic acid derivatives contain an acyl group attached to a heteroatom such as chlorine, oxygen, or nitrogen. The carbonyl carbon and oxygen are both sp2-hybridized with an unhybridized p orbital.
The three sp2 orbitals of the carbonyl carbon form three σ bonds, one each with the carbonyl oxygen, the α carbon, and the heteroatom, whereas the other two sp2 orbitals of the carbonyl oxygen are occupied by the lone pairs. Further, the unhybridized p...
Acid Halides to Amides: Aminolysis01:07

Acid Halides to Amides: Aminolysis

Aminolysis is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction, where ammonia or amines act as nucleophiles to give the substitution product. Acid halides react with ammonia, primary amines, and secondary amines to yield primary, secondary, and tertiary amides, respectively.
In the first step of the aminolysis mechanism, the amine attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acyl chloride to form a tetrahedral intermediate. In the second step, the carbonyl group is re-formed with the elimination of a chloride...
Basicity of Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines01:25

Basicity of Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines

Heterocyclic amines, where the N atom is a part of an alicyclic system, are similar in basicity to alkylamines. Interestingly, the heterocyclic amine having a nitrogen atom as part of an aromatic ring has much less basicity than its corresponding alicyclic counterpart. For this reason, as presented in Figure 1, piperidine (pKb = 2.8) is significantly more basic than pyridine (pKb = 8.8).

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
06:44

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

Published on: March 24, 2018

Hydrogen storage and ionic mobility in amide-halide systems.

Paul A Anderson1, Philip A Chater, David R Hewett

  • 1School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK B15 2TT. p.a.anderson@bham.ac.uk

Faraday Discussions
|March 30, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Incorporating halides into lithium amide and lithium imide enhances hydrogen release and uptake. These novel halide phases show improved kinetics and ionic conductivity, crucial for efficient hydrogen storage materials.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Solid-State Chemistry

Background:

  • Lithium amide and lithium imide are investigated for hydrogen storage.
  • Improving hydrogen release and uptake kinetics is critical for practical applications.
  • The role of halide incorporation in these materials is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically study the effect of halide anions on hydrogen release and uptake in lithium amide and lithium imide.
  • To synthesize and characterize novel amide-halide and imide-halide phases.
  • To evaluate the hypothesis that halide incorporation enhances lithium ion conductivity and hydrogen storage properties.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of amide-halide and imide-halide phases via reaction of lithium amide/imide with lithium or magnesium halides.
  • Hydrogen release studies by heating synthesized materials with LiH or MgH2.
  • Hydrogenation studies of imide-halide phases.
  • Preliminary ionic conductivity measurements.

Main Results:

  • Several new amide-halide and imide-halide phases were synthesized.
  • Amide-halide phases exhibited faster hydrogen release than lithium amide, with reduced ammonia by-product.
  • Imide-halide phases showed rapid hydrogenation, reforming amide-halide phases.
  • Higher ionic conductivity correlated with faster hydrogen release and hydrogenation kinetics.

Conclusions:

  • Halide incorporation significantly improves hydrogen de/re-hydrogenation kinetics in lithium amide and imide systems.
  • Ionic conductivity appears to be a key parameter for optimizing hydrogen storage properties in these materials.
  • The synthesized amide-halide and imide-halide phases represent promising candidates for advanced hydrogen storage materials.