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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...

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Basic science for the clinician 55: CTLA-4.

Leonard H Sigal1

  • 1Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey Y Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 1 RW Johnson Pl, New Brunswick, NJ 08903-001, USA. lensigal@gmail.com

Journal of Clinical Rheumatology : Practical Reports on Rheumatic & Musculoskeletal Diseases
|March 30, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte-Associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) is crucial for regulating T-cell activation. Understanding CTLA-4's costimulatory mechanisms is key to addressing T-cell dysfunction in diseases.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cellular Biology

Background:

  • Physiological systems require balance; uncontrolled T-cell activation can lead to severe immune dysfunction.
  • Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte-Associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) has rapidly evolved from an unknown molecule to a key regulator of T-cell responses.
  • CTLA-4 plays a critical role in modulating and reversing T-cell activation, acting as a crucial 'brake' in the immune system.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the costimulatory effects and underlying mechanisms of CTLA-4.
  • To explore the redundancies within costimulatory pathways.
  • To highlight the importance of CTLA-4 in understanding T-cell function and dysfunction in disease.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on CTLA-4 function and T-cell costimulation.
  • Analysis of the physiological roles of CTLA-4 in immune regulation.
  • Examination of the therapeutic implications of targeting CTLA-4.

Main Results:

  • CTLA-4 has emerged as a pivotal regulator of T-cell activation, with diverse and expanding physiological effects.
  • Understanding CTLA-4's mechanisms is essential for comprehending T-cell homeostasis.
  • Costimulatory pathways exhibit inherent redundancies that influence T-cell responses.

Conclusions:

  • CTLA-4 is a critical molecular target for modulating T-cell responses.
  • Dysregulation of CTLA-4 contributes to T-cell dysfunction and various diseases.
  • Further research into CTLA-4 and related pathways, like inducible T-cell costimulator, is vital for advancing immunology and therapeutic strategies.