Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Long-term Potentiation01:25

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Hebbian LTP
LTP can occur when presynaptic neurons...
Long-term Potentiation01:35

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade01:22

Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade

When a ligand binds to a cell-surface receptor, the receptor's intracellular domain changes shape, which may either activate its enzyme function or allow its binding to other molecules. The initial signal is amplified by most signal transduction pathways. This means that a single ligand molecule can activate multiple molecules of a downstream target. Proteins that relay a signal are most commonly phosphorylated at one or more sites, activating or inactivating the protein. Kinases catalyze the...
cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase Pathways01:25

cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase Pathways

Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP) is an essential second messenger that activates protein kinase A (PKA) and regulates various biological processes. A single epinephrine molecule binds to GPCR and activates several heterotrimeric G proteins, each stimulating multiple adenylyl cyclase, amplifying the signal, and synthesizing large numbers of cAMP molecules. Small changes in cAMP concentration affect PKA activity. The binding of four cAMP molecules induces a conformational change in PKA,...
Calmodulin-dependent Signaling01:16

Calmodulin-dependent Signaling

Calmodulin (CaM) is a calcium-binding protein in eukaryotes that controls various calcium-regulated cellular processes. It has four calcium-binding sites that bind calcium to form the calcium-calmodulin ( Ca2+-CaM) complex. GPCR stimulation increases the calcium levels in the cells that bind to CaM and induces a conformational change.
The Ca2+-CaM complex does not have enzymatic activity by itself. Instead, the complex binds downstream target proteins, including membrane proteins or enzymes,...
MAPK Signaling Cascades01:07

MAPK Signaling Cascades

Mitogen-activated protein kinase, or MAPK pathway, activates three sequential kinases to regulate cellular responses such as proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis. The canonical MAPK pathway starts with a mitogen or growth factor binding to an RTK. The activated RTKs stimulate Ras, which recruits Raf or MAP3 Kinase (MAPKKK), the first kinase of the MAPK signaling cascade. Raf further phosphorylates and activates MEK or MAP2 Kinases (MAPKK), which in turn phosphorylates MAP...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Repeated sleep deprivation selectively reactivates hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons.

Molecular brain·2026
Same author

From canes to pills: the evolution of carbon monoxide therapeutics.

Advanced drug delivery reviews·2026
Same author

Boraindenes as versatile precursors to benzannulated boron heterocycles.

Chemical science·2025
Same author

Olefin π-coordination chemistry at low-oxidation-state boron.

Nature chemistry·2025
Same author

Atom-efficient synthesis of BN-heterocycles from oligoboranes and isonitriles.

Chemical communications (Cambridge, England)·2025
Same author

Sleep deprivation selectively reactivates hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

Aversive Associative Learning and Memory Formation by Pairing Two Chemicals in Caenorhabditis elegans
07:17

Aversive Associative Learning and Memory Formation by Pairing Two Chemicals in Caenorhabditis elegans

Published on: June 23, 2022

Massed training-induced intermediate-term operant memory in aplysia requires protein synthesis and multiple

Maximilian Michel1, Charity L Green, Jacob S Gardner

  • 1Department of Biological Science, Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4295, USA.

The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience
|March 30, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Aplysia learn to avoid inedible food through operant conditioning. This study reveals intermediate-term memory formation requires protein synthesis and specific kinase signaling pathways, distinct from short- and long-term memory.

More Related Videos

Improved Preparation and Preservation of Hippocampal Mouse Slices for a Very Stable and Reproducible Recording of Long-term Potentiation
09:39

Improved Preparation and Preservation of Hippocampal Mouse Slices for a Very Stable and Reproducible Recording of Long-term Potentiation

Published on: June 26, 2013

Preparation of Aplysia Sensory-motor Neuronal Cell Cultures
17:27

Preparation of Aplysia Sensory-motor Neuronal Cell Cultures

Published on: June 8, 2009

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 23, 2026

Aversive Associative Learning and Memory Formation by Pairing Two Chemicals in Caenorhabditis elegans
07:17

Aversive Associative Learning and Memory Formation by Pairing Two Chemicals in Caenorhabditis elegans

Published on: June 23, 2022

Improved Preparation and Preservation of Hippocampal Mouse Slices for a Very Stable and Reproducible Recording of Long-term Potentiation
09:39

Improved Preparation and Preservation of Hippocampal Mouse Slices for a Very Stable and Reproducible Recording of Long-term Potentiation

Published on: June 26, 2013

Preparation of Aplysia Sensory-motor Neuronal Cell Cultures
17:27

Preparation of Aplysia Sensory-motor Neuronal Cell Cultures

Published on: June 8, 2009

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Behavioral Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • The Aplysia feeding system offers a model for studying memory formation due to its plasticity and known neuronal circuits.
  • Operant conditioning paradigms, like learning that food is inedible (LFI), are used to investigate memory mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the signaling pathways underlying intermediate-term memory (ITM) in Aplysia using a massed LFI training protocol.
  • To compare the molecular mechanisms of ITM formation and maintenance with short-term and long-term memory.

Main Methods:

  • Operant conditioning (LFI training) in Aplysia.
  • In vivo experiments to assess memory formation and maintenance.
  • Inhibition of specific kinases (PKA, PKC, MAPK) to determine their roles.
  • Western blotting to analyze protein phosphorylation.

Main Results:

  • Massed LFI training induced protein synthesis-dependent ITM evident 4-6 hours post-training.
  • ITM formation required protein kinase A (PKA), protein kinase C (PKC), and MAPK.
  • ITM maintenance required PKA, PKM Apl III, and MAPK, while long-term memory maintenance was independent of PKM Apl III.
  • Sustained MAPK phosphorylation depended on protein synthesis but not PKA or PKC activity.

Conclusions:

  • Intermediate-term operant memory in Aplysia requires both protein synthesis and sustained kinase signaling (PKA, PKC, MAPK).
  • Distinct combinations and timing of signaling cascades underlie the formation and maintenance of short-, intermediate-, and long-term memories induced by the same training.