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Vision

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.

Visual System

Visual System

Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

Mapping Cortical Dynamics Using Simultaneous MEG/EEG and Anatomically-constrained Minimum-norm Estimates: an Auditory Attention Example

Mapping Cortical Dynamics Using Simultaneous MEG/EEG and Anatomically-constrained Minimum-norm Estimates: an Auditory Attention Example

Published on: October 24, 2012

Hemodynamic traveling waves in human visual cortex.

Kevin M Aquino¹, Mark M Schira, P A Robinson

¹School of Physics, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. aquino@physics.usyd.edu.au

Plos Computational Biology

|March 30, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

High-resolution functional MRI (fMRI) reveals traveling blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) waves. These physiological waves propagate across the cortex, offering new analysis methods for advanced fMRI studies.

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Stimulus-specific Cortical Visual Evoked Potential Morphological Patterns

Stimulus-specific Cortical Visual Evoked Potential Morphological Patterns

Published on: May 12, 2019

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Last Updated: May 23, 2026

Mapping Cortical Dynamics Using Simultaneous MEG/EEG and Anatomically-constrained Minimum-norm Estimates: an Auditory Attention Example

Mapping Cortical Dynamics Using Simultaneous MEG/EEG and Anatomically-constrained Minimum-norm Estimates: an Auditory Attention Example

Published on: October 24, 2012

Stimulus-specific Cortical Visual Evoked Potential Morphological Patterns

Stimulus-specific Cortical Visual Evoked Potential Morphological Patterns

Published on: May 12, 2019

Area of Science:

Neuroimaging
Biophysics
Physiology

Background:

Functional MRI (fMRI) relies on the blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal.
Increasing spatial resolution in fMRI necessitates quantitative modeling of hemodynamic signal properties.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and validate a physiologically-based model for spatiotemporal BOLD responses.
To investigate the existence and characteristics of traveling waves in the BOLD signal at high resolution.

Main Methods:

Developed a detailed physiologically-based model of spatiotemporal BOLD responses.
Acquired high-resolution fMRI data from subjects viewing discrete visual stimuli.
Compared model predictions with experimental fMRI data.

Main Results:

The model predicted traveling BOLD waves with empirically observable velocities and spatial ranges.
Experimental data confirmed BOLD waves propagating 5-10 mm across the cortical surface.
Observed wave speeds ranged from 2-12 mm/s, consistent with model predictions.

Conclusions:

BOLD signal exhibits traveling wave properties, characterized by velocity and damping rate.
These findings support a new understanding of hemodynamic signal propagation in the brain.
Enable novel fMRI analysis approaches, especially for high spatial resolution data.