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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
Cirrhosis I: Introduction01:23

Cirrhosis I: Introduction

Cirrhosis is a chronic, irreversible liver disease characterized by the widespread replacement of healthy liver tissue with fibrotic scar tissue and the formation of regenerative nodules.Etiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis results from sustained liver injury that triggers progressive fibrosis and structural remodeling. The underlying causes are diverse, encompassing common and less frequent clinical conditions. Regardless of the origin, all causes lead to chronic inflammation, hepatocyte loss, and...
Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder01:26

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
Cirrhosis is characterized by the scarring of hepatic lobules in the liver, which are replaced by fibrous tissue, affecting the liver's normal functioning. NAFLD, on the other hand, is caused by an excessive build-up of fat in the liver, not related to...
Cirrhosis II: Pathophysiology01:24

Cirrhosis II: Pathophysiology

Cirrhosis is a progressive chronic liver injury caused by prolonged inflammation, excessive fibrotic remodeling, and impaired regeneration. Over time, repeated hepatic insults disrupt the liver’s architecture and function, leading to reduced blood flow, impaired bile drainage, and diminished metabolic capacity.Pathophysiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis arises from three main responses to chronic liver damage: inflammation, immune activation, and hepatocyte death. These processes lead to structural...
Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test01:22

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test

In clinical practice, the direct measurement of hepatic blood flow to evaluate liver function presents significant challenges due to the intricate and specialized nature of the necessary techniques. Consequently, healthcare professionals often rely on empirical estimates derived from thorough patient examinations and liver function tests to gauge liver health. Among the tools at their disposal, the Child–Pugh and MELD scoring systems stand out for their ability to categorize and assess the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks
10:28

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks

Published on: June 26, 2020

Hepatitis E: a complex and global disease.

E Pelosi1, I Clarke

  • 1Department of Microbiology and Virology, Health Protection Agency, Southeast Regional Laboratory, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK.

Emerging Health Threats Journal
|March 31, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) remains a global health concern, causing acute hepatitis and posing risks to vulnerable populations. Vaccination offers a promising prevention strategy against this zoonotic disease.

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Modeling Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Non-Hepatic 293T-NE-3NRs Cells
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Modeling Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Non-Hepatic 293T-NE-3NRs Cells
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Modeling Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Non-Hepatic 293T-NE-3NRs Cells

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a significant cause of acute hepatitis globally, particularly in developing nations.
  • HEV infection is increasingly recognized in developed countries, often unrelated to travel.
  • Swine are identified as a primary reservoir for HEV, with demonstrated zoonotic transmission to humans.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on the epidemiology of Hepatitis E virus.
  • To discuss the management and prevention strategies for human HEV infection.
  • To highlight the public health implications of HEV in both developing and developed countries.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on HEV epidemiology, transmission, and clinical manifestations.
  • Analysis of genomic data comparing human and swine HEV strains.
  • Evaluation of current public health measures and emerging prevention strategies, including vaccination.

Main Results:

  • HEV poses a substantial public health challenge, with zoonotic transmission from swine being a key factor.
  • While often asymptomatic, HEV infection can lead to severe outcomes in pregnant women and individuals with chronic liver disease.
  • Immunocompromised patients are at risk for chronic HEV infections.

Conclusions:

  • Active immunization against HEV is effective, underscoring the need for widespread vaccination programs.
  • Public health measures and vaccination are crucial for controlling HEV transmission and disease.
  • Continued research and surveillance are necessary to manage the global burden of Hepatitis E.