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Conditions on Early Earth02:06

Conditions on Early Earth

Around 4 billion years ago, oceans began to condense on earth while volcanic eruptions released nitrogen, carbon dioxide, methane, ammonia, and hydrogen into the primordial atmosphere. However, organisms with the characteristics of life were not initially present on earth. Scientists have used experimentation to determine how organisms evolved that could grow, reproduce, and maintain an internal environment.
Conditions on Early Earth02:06

Conditions on Early Earth

Around 4 billion years ago, oceans began to condense on earth while volcanic eruptions released nitrogen, carbon dioxide, methane, ammonia, and hydrogen into the primordial atmosphere. However, organisms with the characteristics of life were not initially present on earth. Scientists have used experimentation to determine how organisms evolved that could grow, reproduce, and maintain an internal environment.
The Evidence for Evolution02:55

The Evidence for Evolution

Genetic variations accumulating within populations over generations give rise to biological evolution. Evolutionary changes can result in the formation of novel varieties and entire new species. These changes are responsible for the diverse forms of life inhabiting the planet. The evidence for evolution suggests that all living organisms descended from common ancestors.
Apparent Weight and the Earth's Rotation01:28

Apparent Weight and the Earth's Rotation

Since all objects on the Earth's surface move through a circle every 24 hours, there must be a net centripetal force on each object, directed towards the center of that circle. The points of the north and south poles are the only exception to this rule.
For an object on the Earth's equator, the net centripetal force that accounts for its rotation is the Earth's pull towards its center, or the weight minus the normal force that prevents it from piercing into the Earth's surface. This force,...
Global Climate Change01:50

Global Climate Change

Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
Variation in Acceleration due to Gravity near the Earth's Surface01:20

Variation in Acceleration due to Gravity near the Earth's Surface

An object's apparent weight is its weight measured by a spring balance at its location. It is different from its true weight, the force with which the Earth pulls it, because of the Earth's rotation. Mathematically, an object's apparent weight equals its true weight minus the centripetal force that keeps it in a circular motion along with the Earth's surface every 24 hours.
The difference between the true and apparent weights is proportional to the square of the Earth's angular speed. Since the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

Laboratory Drop Towers for the Experimental Simulation of Dust-aggregate Collisions in the Early Solar System
09:44

Laboratory Drop Towers for the Experimental Simulation of Dust-aggregate Collisions in the Early Solar System

Published on: June 5, 2014

Evidence against a chondritic Earth.

Ian H Campbell1, Hugh St C O'Neill

  • 1Research School of Earth Science, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia. Ian.Campbell@anu.edu.au

Nature
|March 31, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Earth's neodymium isotope ratio exceeds the solar value, challenging the chondritic Earth model. This suggests either non-chondritic formation material or matter loss via collisional erosion.

Area of Science:

  • Geochemistry
  • Planetary Science
  • Isotope Geochemistry

Background:

  • The "chondritic Earth" model assumes Earth's silicate component mirrors chondritic meteorites.
  • The terrestrial (142)Nd/(144)Nd ratio is higher than the solar (chondritic) ratio, creating a geochemical paradox.
  • A deep mantle layer enriched in incompatible elements, a proposed solution, conflicts with mantle plume heat flux.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the discrepancy between Earth's neodymium isotope ratio and the solar/chondritic value.
  • To evaluate existing models for Earth's formation and composition.
  • To propose alternative explanations for geochemical paradoxes.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of neodymium isotope ratios ((142)Nd/(144)Nd) in Earth's materials.

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Metal-silicate Partitioning at High Pressure and Temperature: Experimental Methods and a Protocol to Suppress Highly Siderophile Element Inclusions
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Metal-silicate Partitioning at High Pressure and Temperature: Experimental Methods and a Protocol to Suppress Highly Siderophile Element Inclusions

Published on: June 13, 2015

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Last Updated: May 23, 2026

Laboratory Drop Towers for the Experimental Simulation of Dust-aggregate Collisions in the Early Solar System
09:44

Laboratory Drop Towers for the Experimental Simulation of Dust-aggregate Collisions in the Early Solar System

Published on: June 5, 2014

Simulation of the Planetary Interior Differentiation Processes in the Laboratory
06:04

Simulation of the Planetary Interior Differentiation Processes in the Laboratory

Published on: November 15, 2013

Metal-silicate Partitioning at High Pressure and Temperature: Experimental Methods and a Protocol to Suppress Highly Siderophile Element Inclusions
11:50

Metal-silicate Partitioning at High Pressure and Temperature: Experimental Methods and a Protocol to Suppress Highly Siderophile Element Inclusions

Published on: June 13, 2015

  • Comparison of terrestrial and chondritic meteorite isotopic compositions.
  • Thermodynamic and geological modeling of planetary formation and evolution.

    • Main Results:

    • Earth's (142)Nd/(144)Nd ratio is demonstrably greater than the inferred solar ratio.
    • The "hidden layer" hypothesis is inconsistent with observed mantle plume characteristics.
    • The data supports either a non-chondritic initial composition for Earth or significant matter loss during formation.

    Conclusions:

    • The fundamental assumption of a "chondritic Earth" may be incorrect.
    • Alternative formation scenarios, including non-chondritic accretion or collisional erosion, are favored.
    • Revising our understanding of Earth's bulk composition and early history is necessary.