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Pharmacogenomics: Identification of New Drug Targets

Pharmacogenomics: Identification of New Drug Targets

Advances in genomics have profoundly influenced drug discovery by increasing both the speed and accuracy of pharmaceutical development. Pharmacogenomics, which examines how genetic variation influences drug response, facilitates the identification of novel therapeutic targets and enables patient stratification for personalized treatment. These strategies contribute to improved drug efficacy, minimized adverse effects, and more efficient clinical trial design.Mapping genetic differences...

Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics: Overview

Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics: Overview

Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics examine how genetic factors influence an individual's response to drugs. While pharmacogenetics focuses on the impact of specific genetic variants on drug effects, pharmacogenomics takes a broader approach, studying how genetic variation across populations contributes to differences in drug responses. These fields aim to explain why individuals may experience varying levels of efficacy or adverse reactions to the same medication.Variability in drug...

Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu

Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu

Genetic variations significantly influence drug response through pharmacokinetics, receptor interactions, and biologic milieu modifications. Pharmacokinetic alterations impact drug metabolism and clearance, affecting efficacy and toxicity. Variants in drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as CYP2C9 and CYP2C19, alter drug activation and elimination. For example, CYP2C9 loss-of-function variants require lower warfarin doses to prevent excessive bleeding, while CYP2C19 variants reduce clopidogrel...

Pharmacogenetics of Drug Metabolism: Overview

Pharmacogenetics of Drug Metabolism: Overview

Genetic polymorphism in drug metabolism is crucial to the inter-individual variability observed in drug responses. Drug metabolism primarily involves the chemical modification of drugs and other xenobiotics to enhance their elimination by increasing their polarity. Two main classes of enzymes mediate this biotransformation process: Phase I enzymes, primarily cytochrome P450s, catalyze oxidation and reduction reactions, while other enzymes, such as esterases, mediate hydrolysis, and Phase II...

Principles of Pharmacogenetics: Types of Genetic Variants

Principles of Pharmacogenetics: Types of Genetic Variants

The human genome is over 99.9% identical between individuals, yet genetic differences exist at millions of bases. The human genome contains approximately 3 million variant positions per individual, many of which are heterozygous, contributing to genetic diversity and individual traits. Genetic variations include single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), insertions, deletions, and copy number variations (CNVs).SNPs, the most common variation, involve single-base changes in DNA. These can be...

Pharmacogenetics of Drug Targets: β₂-Adrenergic Receptors, Apo E, Thymidylate Synthase

Pharmacogenetics of Drug Targets: β₂-Adrenergic Receptors, Apo E, Thymidylate Synthase

Genetic polymorphisms in drug targets have emerged as critical determinants of interindividual variability in drug response and toxicity. Pharmacogenomic investigations increasingly focus on identifying these variations to personalize and optimize therapeutic interventions. A drug target may be a receptor, enzyme, or signaling protein involved in pharmacologic responses or disease-related pathways. While early pharmacogenetic studies focused primarily on drug metabolism, current research...

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Updated: May 23, 2026

Drug Repurposing Hypothesis Generation Using the "RE:fine Drugs" System

Drug Repurposing Hypothesis Generation Using the "RE:fine Drugs" System

Published on: December 11, 2016

Pharmacogenetics: implementing personalized medicine.

Enrico Mini¹, Stefania Nobili

¹Department of Pharmacology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.

Clinical Cases in Mineral and Bone Metabolism : the Official Journal of the Italian Society of Osteoporosis, Mineral Metabolism, and Skeletal Diseases

|March 31, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics personalize medicine by tailoring drug therapy to individual genotypes, improving efficacy and reducing adverse reactions. These fields are crucial for advancing healthcare through genetic insights.

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Last Updated: May 23, 2026

Drug Repurposing Hypothesis Generation Using the "RE:fine Drugs" System

Drug Repurposing Hypothesis Generation Using the "RE:fine Drugs" System

Published on: December 11, 2016

Area of Science:

Pharmacology
Genetics
Personalized Medicine

Background:

Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics are key to personalized medicine, addressing variable drug responses due to genetic differences.
High rates of adverse drug reactions and treatment inefficacy necessitate novel approaches like pharmacogenetic testing.
Research in pharmacogenetics has advanced significantly since the 1950s, with current applications prominent in oncology, psychiatry, and anticoagulation.

Purpose of the Study:

To highlight the fundamental role of pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics in personalized medicine.
To underscore the clinical need for improved drug therapy through genetic profiling.
To review current applications and future potential of pharmacogenomics in various therapeutic areas.

Main Methods:

Review of recent evidence and studies in pharmacogenetic research.
Examination of gene polymorphisms (e.g., TPMT, UGT1A1, CYP450) and their impact on drug response and toxicity.
Discussion of genetic screening for specific alleles (e.g., HLA-B*5701) and biomarkers (e.g., HER-2, KRAS) for targeted therapies.

Main Results:

Pharmacogenetic testing can predict and prevent adverse drug reactions and improve treatment efficacy.
Specific gene polymorphisms (e.g., TPMT, UGT1A1, CYP450) are linked to drug toxicity and response.
Genetic screening for alleles like HLA-B*5701 and biomarkers such as HER-2 and KRAS is vital for optimizing therapies in cancer and infectious diseases.

Conclusions:

Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics offer immense promise for tailoring drug therapies, especially in oncology, psychiatry, and anticoagulation.
While candidate gene approaches have been valuable, genome-wide association studies are emerging for broader genetic insights.
Further validation through prospective clinical trials is essential to fully realize the potential of pharmacogenomics in healthcare.