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Related Concept Videos

Reaction Mechanisms03:06

Reaction Mechanisms

Chemical reactions often occur in a stepwise fashion, involving two or more distinct reactions taking place in a sequence. A balanced equation indicates the reacting species and the product species, but it reveals no details about how the reaction occurs at the molecular level. The reaction mechanism (or reaction path) provides details regarding the precise, step-by-step process by which a reaction occurs.
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Factors Affecting Activity Coefficient01:17

Factors Affecting Activity Coefficient

The extended Debye-Hückel equation indicates that the activity coefficient of an ion in an aqueous solution at 25°C depends on three partially interdependent properties: the ionic strength of the solution, the charge of the ion, and the ion size. 
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Rate-Determining Steps03:08

Rate-Determining Steps

Relating Reaction Mechanisms
In a multistep reaction mechanism, one of the elementary steps progresses significantly slower than the others. This slowest step is called the rate-limiting step (or rate-determining step). A reaction cannot proceed faster than its slowest step, and hence, the rate-determining step limits the overall reaction rate.
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Factorial Design02:01

Factorial Design

Factorial Analysis is an experimental design that applies Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) statistical procedures to examine a change in a dependent variable due to more than one independent variable, also known as factors. Changes in worker productivity can be reasoned, for example, to be influenced by salary and other conditions, such as skill level. One way to test this hypothesis is by categorizing salary into three levels (low, moderate, and high) and skills sets into two levels (entry level...
Multi-Step Reactions02:31

Multi-Step Reactions

Chemical reactions often occur in a stepwise fashion involving two or more distinct reactions taking place in a sequence. A balanced equation indicates the reacting species and the product species, but it reveals no details about how the reaction occurs at the molecular level. The reaction mechanism (or reaction path) provides details regarding the precise, step-by-step process by which a reaction occurs. Each of the steps in a reaction mechanism is called an elementary reaction. These...
Factors Affecting Creep01:28

Factors Affecting Creep

In normal-weight aggregate concrete, the hardened cement paste is the primary contributor to creep, whereas the aggregates, being stiffer than the cement paste, are more resilient to stress-induced deformation. The stiffness of the aggregates is defined by their modulus of elasticity, and the more voluminous they are in the concrete, the less it will creep.
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Domino Effect: mechanic factors role.

Alfredo Nardi1, Umberto Tarantino, Lorenzo Ventura

  • 1SOS Dept of Osteoarticular Pathology, Rovigo Hospital, Azienda ULSS 18, Rovigo, Italy.

Clinical Cases in Mineral and Bone Metabolism : the Official Journal of the Italian Society of Osteoporosis, Mineral Metabolism, and Skeletal Diseases
|March 31, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Vertebral compression fractures can trigger a domino effect due to altered spinal mechanics. Prompt surgical stabilization and osteoinductive therapy in critical vertebrae may reduce this risk.

Keywords:
Domino Effect (DE)Flexor Moment (FM)Kyphosis Index (KI)Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)Vertebral Compression Fracture (VCF)Vertebral Compression Fractures (VCFs)Vertebral Deformity Degree (VDD)Vertebral Deformity Exacerbation Rate (VDER)Vertebral Deformity Gain (VDG)

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Biomechanics
  • Spinal Surgery

Background:

  • Vertebral compression fractures (VCFs) can initiate a cascade of spinal instability, known as the Domino Effect.
  • Mechanical variations and altered spinal curves, particularly kyphosis, exacerbate this effect.
  • Specific vertebrae (D7, D8, D12, L1) are identified as 'critical' due to fracture frequency and their role in mechanical alterations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanical factors contributing to the Domino Effect after VCFs.
  • To evaluate the potential of surgical intervention and anabolic therapy in mitigating the Domino Effect.
  • To identify critical vertebrae susceptible to fractures and subsequent instability.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of mechanical variations and spinal biomechanics following VCFs.
  • Identification of critical vertebrae (D7, D8, D12, L1) based on fracture incidence and mechanical impact.
  • Evaluation of minimally invasive surgical reduction and intrasomatic stabilization techniques.
  • Assessment of osteoinductive therapy for rapid bone reconstruction.

Main Results:

  • Fractures in critical vertebrae (D7, D8, D12, L1) are primary drivers of mechanical alterations leading to the Domino Effect.
  • Restoration of vertebral height in critical fractures reduces kyphosis and the flexor moment, decreasing instability.
  • Prompt osteoinductive therapy promotes rapid trabecular bone reconstruction and strength.

Conclusions:

  • Minimally invasive surgical reduction and stabilization of critical vertebral fractures can restore mechanical properties and reduce Domino Effect risk.
  • Combined surgical intervention and anabolic therapy are crucial for effective management of VCFs and prevention of secondary fractures.
  • Further clinical studies are needed to confirm the efficacy of these combined therapeutic strategies in reducing the Domino Effect.