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Related Concept Videos

Teratogenicity01:07

Teratogenicity

The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
Toxicity Testing in Animals01:23

Toxicity Testing in Animals

Toxicity tests in animals are grounded on two main assumptions: first, the effects observed in laboratory animals can be extrapolated to humans, especially when adjusted for body surface area; second, high-dose exposure in animals is essential to identify potential human hazards from lower doses. This is based on the quantal dose-response concept, which faces the challenge of extrapolating results from relatively few test animals to much larger human populations. For example, a 0.01% incidence...
Intrauterine Drug Delivery Systems01:21

Intrauterine Drug Delivery Systems

Controlled-release systems for intravaginal and intrauterine drug delivery have been developed primarily for the administration of contraceptive steroid hormones. These delivery routes circumvent first-pass hepatic metabolism, thereby enhancing bioavailability and allowing for reduced systemic dosages compared to oral administration. Such approaches contribute to improved therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance, particularly in long-term contraceptive regimens.Intravaginal Drug Delivery...
Types of Toxins01:36

Types of Toxins

Humans continually engage with an environment rich in potentially harmful chemicals. These are introduced to our bodies through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. These chemicals exist in various forms, such as air and environmental pollutants, agricultural chemicals, organic solvents, and heavy metals.
Air pollutants, primarily gases, pose significant threats to respiratory health, leading to conditions like hypoxia, lung cancer, and in extreme cases, death.
Environmental pollutants like...
Drug Regulation01:25

Drug Regulation

Drug regulation encompasses the management of drug usage by evaluating its safety and efficacy through assessments conducted by regulatory authorities. Regrettably, the history of drug regulation is marred by several catastrophic events. One such incident is the Elixir Sulfanilamide tragedy, in which the toxic compound diethyl glycol was included in a sweet-tasting medication, leading to numerous fatalities. This event prompted the enactment of the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act in 1938. Under...
Ethics in Research01:56

Ethics in Research

Today, scientists agree that good research is ethical in nature and is guided by a basic respect for human dignity and safety. However, this has not always been the case. Modern researchers must demonstrate that the research they perform is ethically sound.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

Long-term Behavioral and Reproductive Consequences of Embryonic Exposure to Low-dose Toxicants
07:08

Long-term Behavioral and Reproductive Consequences of Embryonic Exposure to Low-dose Toxicants

Published on: March 6, 2018

Diethylstilboestrol--a long-term legacy.

R M Harris1, R H Waring

  • 1School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.

Maturitas
|April 3, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Diethylstilboestrol (DES) is an endocrine-disrupting chemical linked to cancers and reproductive abnormalities in humans. Its widespread use in medicine and agriculture raises concerns about population-wide exposure and potential epigenetic effects.

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Environmental Health
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Diethylstilboestrol (DES) is a synthetic estrogen with endocrine-disrupting properties.
  • DES was widely prescribed for gynecological issues and used in livestock, leading to potential human exposure.
  • Observed health issues in DES-exposed offspring include rare cancers and genital abnormalities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evidence on Diethylstilboestrol (DES) as an endocrine disruptor.
  • To explore the mechanisms of DES-induced carcinogenesis and epigenetic effects.
  • To assess the potential role of DES as an obesogen in human populations.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of epidemiological studies and animal research on DES.
  • Analysis of documented health outcomes in individuals exposed to DES.

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Using Caenorhabditis elegans for Studying Trans- and Multi-Generational Effects of Toxicants

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Assessment of the Effects of Endocrine Disrupting Compounds on the Development of Vertebrate Neural Network Function Using Multi-electrode Arrays
08:28

Assessment of the Effects of Endocrine Disrupting Compounds on the Development of Vertebrate Neural Network Function Using Multi-electrode Arrays

Published on: April 26, 2018

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Last Updated: May 23, 2026

Long-term Behavioral and Reproductive Consequences of Embryonic Exposure to Low-dose Toxicants
07:08

Long-term Behavioral and Reproductive Consequences of Embryonic Exposure to Low-dose Toxicants

Published on: March 6, 2018

Using Caenorhabditis elegans for Studying Trans- and Multi-Generational Effects of Toxicants
08:58

Using Caenorhabditis elegans for Studying Trans- and Multi-Generational Effects of Toxicants

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Assessment of the Effects of Endocrine Disrupting Compounds on the Development of Vertebrate Neural Network Function Using Multi-electrode Arrays
08:28

Assessment of the Effects of Endocrine Disrupting Compounds on the Development of Vertebrate Neural Network Function Using Multi-electrode Arrays

Published on: April 26, 2018

  • Evaluation of proposed mechanisms of endocrine disruption and carcinogenesis.

    • Main Results:

    • DES exposure is associated with an increased risk of specific cancers, such as clear cell adenocarcinoma.
    • Evidence suggests DES can induce epigenetic modifications in exposed individuals.
    • Potential links between DES exposure and increased obesity rates are being investigated.

    Conclusions:

    • Diethylstilboestrol (DES) poses significant health risks due to its endocrine-disrupting and carcinogenic potential.
    • Epigenetic effects and obesogenic properties warrant further investigation.
    • Minimizing exposure to endocrine disruptors like DES is crucial for public health.