Metabolic variables of cholesterol during squalene feeding in humans: comparison with cholestyramine treatment

Squalene, a key intermediate of cholesterol synthesis, is present especially in olive oil. Regulation of cholesterol metabolism by dietary squalene in man is unknown, even though olive oil users in Mediterranean areas have low serum cholesterol levels. We have investigated absorption and serum levels of squalene and cholesterol and cholesterol synthesis with the sterol balance technique and serum levels of cholesterol precursors in humans during squalene feeding (900 mg/d for 7-30 days). The results were compared with those during cholestyramine treatment. Fecal analysis suggested that about 60% of dietary squalene was absorbed. Serum squalene levels were increased 17 times, but serum triglyceride and cholesterol contents were unchanged. The squalene feeding significantly (P less than 0.05) increased serum levels of free (1.7-2.3 times) and esterified (1.9-2.4 times) methyl sterol contents, while elevations of free and esterified delta 8-cholesterol and lathosterol levels were inconsistent. Cholestyramine treatment modestly augmented free methyl sterol levels (1.3-1.7 times), less consistently than those of esterified ones, while, in contrast to the squalene feeding, serum contents of free and esterified delta 8-cholesterol and lathosterol were dramatically increased (3.3-8 times). Neither of the treatments significantly affected serum plant sterol and cholestanol levels. The squalene feeding had no consistent effect on absorption efficiency of cholesterol, but significantly increased (paired t-test, P less than 0.05) the fecal excretions of cholesterol and its nonpolar derivatives coprostanol, epicoprostanol, and coprostanone (655 +/- 83 SE to 856 +/- 146 mg/d) and bile acids (212 +/- 24 to 255 +/- 24 mg/d), indicating an increase of cholesterol synthesis by about 50%. We suggest that a substantial amount of dietary squalene is absorbed and converted to cholesterol in humans, but this squalene-induced increase in synthesis is not associated with consistent increases of serum cholesterol levels. The clearly increased serum contents of esterified methyl sterols may reflect stimulated tissue acyl CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT, EC 2.3.1.26) activity during squalene feeding as these sterols are not esterified in serum.