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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:22

Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

The key clinical manifestations of Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) include several distinct cardiac symptoms.Carditis, a hallmark of acute rheumatic fever, involves inflammation of the heart's endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium. Chronic RHD often results from recurrent episodes of carditis. Its symptoms include the following:Murmurs are caused by valvular damage, especially to the mitral and aortic valves. Mitral stenosis or regurgitation is common, with characteristic heart murmurs...
Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction01:23

Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction

Rheumatic heart disease or RHD is a chronic condition that results from rheumatic fever, causing permanent damage to the heart valves.Etiology and Risk FactorsIt primarily arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can develop after untreated or inadequately treated group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. Streptococcus spreads through direct contact with oral or respiratory secretions. While the bacteria are the causative agents, factors like malnutrition, overcrowding, poor...
The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway01:20

The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway

Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as  SH2...
Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune system...
Myasthenia Gravis ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Myasthenia Gravis ll: Pathophysiology

The disease process of myasthenia gravis begins at the neuromuscular junction, where antibodies attack key proteins needed for muscle activation. This immune reaction weakens signal transmission, leading to the characteristic muscle fatigue and weakness that define the condition.Immune-Mediated DamageIn most individuals, antibodies target acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) on the postsynaptic membrane of muscle cells. By blocking acetylcholine binding, these antibodies prevent the nerve signal...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease
04:44

Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease

Published on: June 16, 2020

Articular involvement in systemic sclerosis.

Jérôme Avouac1, Philip J Clements, Dinesh Khanna

  • 1Service de rhumatologie A, Hôpital Cochin, 27 rue du faubourg Saint Jacques, 75014 Paris, France.

Rheumatology (Oxford, England)
|April 3, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) frequently causes joint problems, impacting patient quality of life. Research clarifies joint involvement in SSc and explores new treatments for this disabling condition.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 23, 2026

Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease
04:44

Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease

Published on: June 16, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Rheumatology
  • Immunology
  • Clinical Medicine

Background:

  • Articular involvement is a common and disabling complication of systemic sclerosis (SSc), significantly impacting patients' quality of life.
  • Manifestations range from arthralgia and arthritis to joint contractures and tendon sheath issues, with recent studies identifying patient subsets at higher risk.
  • Inflammatory arthritis may play a role in early SSc pathogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of articular involvement in SSc.
  • To explore the utility of advanced imaging techniques for evaluating joint disease in SSc.
  • To discuss existing and potential therapeutic strategies for SSc-related joint disease.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent cohort studies on clinical and radiographic aspects of SSc.
  • Evaluation of pilot studies on advanced imaging modalities (ultrasonography, MRI) for joint assessment.
  • Analysis of current treatment guidelines and emerging therapeutic options for SSc-associated arthritis.

Main Results:

  • Recent studies have clarified the frequency and risk factors for joint involvement in SSc.
  • Ultrasonography and MRI show promise for improved evaluation of joint manifestations.
  • Current treatments for SSc-related inflammatory arthritis are largely extrapolated from rheumatoid arthritis, lacking robust clinical trial data.

Conclusions:

  • Articular involvement is a significant challenge in SSc, necessitating better understanding and management.
  • Validated outcome criteria are crucial for advancing research and treatment in SSc-related joint disease.
  • Future research should focus on rigorous evaluation of novel therapeutic strategies, including biologics, for SSc arthritis.