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Related Concept Videos

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...
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Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification01:24

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification

Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template through the process of endochondral ossification. Cartilage formation begins when clusters of mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. These chondrocytes proliferate rapidly and secrete an extracellular matrix that becomes encased in a membrane called the perichondrium. The resulting cartilage model provides a template that resembles the...
Essential Minerals for Bone Health01:31

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The minerals contained in all of the food we consume are essential for our organ systems. However, certain essential minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and fluoride, largely affect bone health.
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Calcium is a critical component of bones, especially in the form of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. Since the body cannot make calcium, it must be obtained from the diet. However, calcium cannot be absorbed from the small intestine without...
Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification01:29

Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification

Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles are formed via this process. During intramembranous ossification, the bones develop directly from sheets of undifferentiated mesenchymal connective tissue.
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The Bone Matrix01:18

The Bone Matrix

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

Culture of Murine Embryonic Metatarsals: A Physiological Model of Endochondral Ossification
07:23

Culture of Murine Embryonic Metatarsals: A Physiological Model of Endochondral Ossification

Published on: December 3, 2016

miR-93/Sp7 function loop mediates osteoblast mineralization.

Li Yang1, Peng Cheng, Chao Chen

  • 1Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 139# Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China.

Journal of Bone and Mineral Research : the Official Journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
|April 3, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate bone formation. This study reveals miR-93 is downregulated during osteoblast mineralization and forms a feedback loop with Sp7, impacting bone development.

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Last Updated: May 23, 2026

Culture of Murine Embryonic Metatarsals: A Physiological Model of Endochondral Ossification
07:23

Culture of Murine Embryonic Metatarsals: A Physiological Model of Endochondral Ossification

Published on: December 3, 2016

Analysis of Minerals Produced by hFOB 1.19 and Saos-2 Cells Using Transmission Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Microanalysis
14:55

Analysis of Minerals Produced by hFOB 1.19 and Saos-2 Cells Using Transmission Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Microanalysis

Published on: June 24, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are crucial regulators of cellular processes, including osteoblast differentiation.
  • The precise mechanisms by which miRNAs control osteoblast mineralization remain incompletely understood.
  • Identifying novel regulatory pathways is essential for understanding bone development and disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of specific microRNAs in regulating osteoblast mineralization.
  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying miR-93's function in osteoblasts.
  • To identify potential feedback loops involving miRNAs and key transcription factors in bone formation.

Main Methods:

  • miRNA profiling to identify differentially expressed miRNAs during osteoblast mineralization.
  • Overexpression studies of miR-93 in primary mouse osteoblasts.
  • Analysis of Sp7 (Osterix) expression at mRNA and protein levels.
  • Luciferase reporter assays, electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA), and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) to confirm direct interactions.
  • Promoter luciferase reporter assays to assess transcriptional regulation.

Main Results:

  • miR-93 was identified as the most significantly downregulated miRNA during osteoblast mineralization.
  • Overexpression of miR-93 inhibited osteoblast mineralization and reduced Sp7 protein levels.
  • miR-93 was confirmed to directly target the coding sequence region (CDS) of Sp7.
  • Sp7 was found to bind to the miR-93 promoter, repressing its transcription.
  • A novel feedback loop between miR-93 and Sp7 was established, regulating osteoblast mineralization.

Conclusions:

  • miR-93 is a critical regulator of osteoblast mineralization.
  • A novel feedback loop exists between miR-93 and the transcription factor Sp7, controlling osteoblast mineralization.
  • These findings offer new insights into the complex regulatory networks governing bone formation.