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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
Restarting Stalled Replication Forks02:37

Restarting Stalled Replication Forks

DNA replication is initiated at sites containing predefined DNA sequences known as origins of replication. DNA is unwound at these sites by the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) helicase and other factors such as Cdc45 and the associated GINS complex.The unwound single strands are protected by replication protein A (RPA) until DNA polymerase starts synthesizing DNA at the 5’ end of the strand in the same direction as the replication fork. To prevent the replication fork from falling apart, a...
Nucleosome Remodeling02:54

Nucleosome Remodeling

Nucleosomes are the basic units of chromatin compaction. Each nucleosome consists of the DNA bound tightly around a histone core, which makes the DNA inaccessible to DNA binding proteins such as DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase. Hence, the fundamental problem is to ensure access to DNA when appropriate, despite the compact and protective chromatin structure.
Nucleosome remodeling complex
Eukaryotic cells have specialized enzymes called ATP-dependent nucleosome remodeling enzymes. These enzymes...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

Kinetic Measurement and Real Time Visualization of Somatic Reprogramming
08:56

Kinetic Measurement and Real Time Visualization of Somatic Reprogramming

Published on: July 30, 2016

Delineating nuclear reprogramming.

Jolene Ooi1, Pentao Liu

  • 1Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK.

Protein & Cell
|April 3, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nuclear reprogramming converts cell types, with transcription factors enabling somatic cells to regain pluripotency. This breakthrough offers clinical potential but faces technical challenges that are being addressed.

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Assessment of Global DNA Double-Strand End Resection using BrdU-DNA Labeling coupled with Cell Cycle Discrimination Imaging
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Cell Surface Marker Mediated Purification of iPS Cell Intermediates from a Reprogrammable Mouse Model
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Cell Surface Marker Mediated Purification of iPS Cell Intermediates from a Reprogrammable Mouse Model

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 23, 2026

Kinetic Measurement and Real Time Visualization of Somatic Reprogramming
08:56

Kinetic Measurement and Real Time Visualization of Somatic Reprogramming

Published on: July 30, 2016

Assessment of Global DNA Double-Strand End Resection using BrdU-DNA Labeling coupled with Cell Cycle Discrimination Imaging
06:44

Assessment of Global DNA Double-Strand End Resection using BrdU-DNA Labeling coupled with Cell Cycle Discrimination Imaging

Published on: April 28, 2021

Cell Surface Marker Mediated Purification of iPS Cell Intermediates from a Reprogrammable Mouse Model
10:32

Cell Surface Marker Mediated Purification of iPS Cell Intermediates from a Reprogrammable Mouse Model

Published on: September 6, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Nuclear reprogramming, the conversion of one cell type to another, was once considered impossible.
  • Key historical experiments have shaped our understanding of this complex biological process.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a historical overview of nuclear reprogramming.
  • To detail significant experimental approaches in the field.
  • To highlight the impact of transcription factor-induced pluripotency and its clinical applications.

Main Methods:

  • Review of historical experiments including somatic cell nuclear transfer, cell extracts, cell fusion, and transcription factor-induced lineage switching.
  • Focus on the discovery of four transcription factors inducing pluripotency in somatic cells.
  • Analysis of current technical and biological obstacles in reprogramming.

Main Results:

  • Established the historical progression of nuclear reprogramming research.
  • Identified key experimental milestones, culminating in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
  • Outlined the significant clinical implications of somatic cell reprogramming.

Conclusions:

  • Transcription factor-induced pluripotency represents a major advancement with vast therapeutic potential.
  • Overcoming existing technical and biological hurdles is crucial for realizing the full clinical impact.
  • Recent findings offer promising strategies to address these bottlenecks.