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Updated: May 23, 2026

Enactive Phenomenological Approach to the Trier Social Stress Test: A Mixed Methods Point of View
Published on: January 7, 2019
Development of the brief inventory of perceived stress
Kenneth A Lehman1, Michelle Nicole Burns, Emily C Gagen
1Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
Objectives:
To provide a measure of perceived stress that is psychometrically superior to existing instruments and novel in dimensionality.
Design:
At 4-week intervals over 48 weeks, patients with multiple sclerosis (N = 138) completed 26 items from the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and the Perceived Stress Questionnaire (PSQ).
Results:
Extant factor analytic models of the PSS fit poorly. A new measure using nine PSS and PSQ items, the Brief Inventory of Perceived Stress (BIPS), demonstrated good fit, construct validity, and stability with 3 factors: Lack of Control, Pushed, and Conflict and Imposition.
Conclusions:
Items commonly used to measure perceived stress may have a more sophisticated underlying structure than previously thought. The BIPS's multidimensionality and longitudinal stability offer potential benefits in conceptualization and outcome prediction.
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