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Related Concept Videos

Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization01:25

Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization

Crystallization is a phase transformation process in which crystals are precipitated from a supersaturated solution or formed from other sources. During crystallization, atoms or molecules arrange themselves into a well-defined, rigid crystal lattice to minimize energy.
Initiating crystallization involves manipulating the concentration of the solute and the temperature of the solution. Since crystal growth occurs when the ratio of concentration and solubility of the solute in the solvent – the...
Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria01:10

Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria

Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...
Precipitate Formation and Particle Size Control01:16

Precipitate Formation and Particle Size Control

In precipitation gravimetry, the precipitating agent should react specifically or selectively with the analyte. While a specific reagent reacts with the analyte alone, a selective reagent can react with a limited number of chemical species.
The obtained precipitate should be either a pure substance of known composition or easily converted to one by a simple process, such as ignition or drying. In addition, the precipitate should be insoluble and easily filterable. In general, filterability...
Precipitation Processes01:12

Precipitation Processes

The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...

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Growing Protein Crystals with Distinct Dimensions Using Automated Crystallization Coupled with In Situ Dynamic Light Scattering
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Advances and new directions in crystallization control.

Zoltan K Nagy1, Richard D Braatz

  • 1Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK. z.k.nagy@lboro.ac.uk

Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
|April 4, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Advances in real-time sensors and control strategies have improved pharmaceutical crystallization processes, ensuring consistent drug crystal quality. Future research focuses on advanced control designs and crystallizer systems.

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Area of Science:

  • Chemical Engineering
  • Materials Science
  • Pharmaceutical Sciences

Background:

  • Significant advancements in solution crystallization control over the last 15 years.
  • Driven by the pharmaceutical industry's need for consistent drug crystal quality.
  • Enabled by progress in in-situ real-time sensor technologies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent progress in solution crystallization control.
  • To highlight the role of advanced sensor technologies and control strategies.
  • To identify future research opportunities in crystallization control.

Main Methods:

  • Accurate measurement of solution concentrations and crystal characteristics using in-situ sensors.
  • First-principles modeling for understanding crystallization phenomena.
  • Development of robust model-based and model-free feedback control strategies.
  • Application of these methods to control crystal size and polymorphic identity.

Main Results:

  • Achieved accurate real-time measurement of critical crystallization parameters.
  • Successfully implemented feedback control for crystal size and polymorphic identity.
  • Demonstrated improved and more consistent quality of drug crystals.
  • Identified key areas for future research and development.

Conclusions:

  • Real-time sensing and advanced control have revolutionized solution crystallization.
  • Pharmaceutical quality is enhanced through precise control of crystal attributes.
  • Further research is needed in model-free control, crystallizer design, and complex systems.