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Updated: May 23, 2026

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Identification of risk factors for chronic Q fever, the Netherlands
Linda M Kampschreur1, Sandra Dekker, Julia C J P Hagenaars
1University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands. l.m.kampschreur@umcutrecht.nl
Abstract:
Since 2007, the Netherlands has experienced a large Q fever outbreak. To identify and quantify risk factors for development of chronic Q fever after Coxiella burnetii infection, we performed a case-control study. Comorbidity, cardiovascular risk factors, medications, and demographic characteristics from 105 patients with proven (n = 44), probable (n = 28), or possible (n = 33) chronic Q fever were compared with 201 patients who had acute Q fever in 2009 but in whom chronic Q fever did not develop (controls). Independent risk factors for development of proven chronic Q fever were valvular surgery, vascular prosthesis, aneurysm, renal insufficiency, and older age.
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