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Testes: Gross Anatomy

Testes: Gross Anatomy

The testes, also known as testicles, are the male gonads. They are housed within the scrotum, a sac-like structure located beneath the penis. The scrotum's primary role is to regulate the temperature of the testes, which is crucial for sperm production.
Each testis is surrounded by the tunica albuginea, a dense connective tissue layer that provides structural support and protection. This layer is covered by an outer serous membrane called the tunica vaginalis, which helps reduce friction...

Testes: Histology

Testes: Histology

A tough, fibrous membrane, the tunica albuginea, covers the testes, extending inward to form fibrous partitions or septa, dividing them into internal compartments called lobules. Each lobule has 1 to 3 tightly coiled seminiferous tubules where sperm production occurs. These tubules merge into a tubular network at the back of the testis, known as the rete testis. It connects to 15 to 20 efferent ductules, leading to the epididymis.
The spermatogenic cells, responsible for producing sperm, are...

Nondisjunction

Nondisjunction

During meiosis, chromosomes occasionally separate improperly. This occurs due to failure of homologous chromosome separation during meiosis I or failed sister chromatid separation during meiosis II. In some species, notably plants, nondisjunction can result in an organism with an entire additional set of chromosomes, which is called polyploidy. In humans, nondisjunction can occur during male or female gametogenesis and the resulting gametes possess one too many or one too few chromosomes.

Nondisjunction

Nondisjunction

Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate correctly and move to the opposite poles of the cells. This produces daughter cells with abnormal chromosome numbers. Nondisjunction is common during anaphase I or anaphase II of meiosis. Mutations in synaptonemal complex proteins that attach homologous chromosomes increase the chances of nondisjunction in anaphase I of meiosis I. In contrast, mutations in topoisomerases and condensins that hold sister...

Accessory Glands of the Male Reproductive System

Accessory Glands of the Male Reproductive System

The accessory ducts involved in sperm maturation and transportation include the epididymides, vasa deferentia, ejaculatory ducts, and urethra. These ducts play a critical role in the maturation, storage, and transportation of sperm from the testes to the urethra, where it is then released during ejaculation.
The epididymis is a small, comma-shaped organ located at the back of each testicle. The epididymis can be divided into three main parts: the head, body, and tail. The head of the epididymis...

Spermatogenesis

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Spermatogenesis is the process by which haploid sperm cells are produced in the male testes. It starts with stem cells located close to the outer rim of seminiferous tubules. These spermatogonial stem cells divide asymmetrically to give rise to additional stem cells (meaning that these structures “self-renew”), as well as sperm progenitors, called spermatocytes. Importantly, this method of asymmetric mitotic division maintains a population of spermatogonial stem cells in the male reproductive...

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Updated: May 23, 2026

Teratoma Generation in the Testis Capsule

Teratoma Generation in the Testis Capsule

Published on: November 7, 2011

Supernumerary testis.

Jaiger Chintamani¹, Vinay Nyapathy2, Ankitha Chauhan3

¹Department of Radiodiagnosis, R.L. Jalappa hospital, Tamaka, Kolar, Karnataka, India.

Journal of Radiology Case Reports

|April 4, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Polyorchidism, a rare congenital condition with more than two testes, is typically diagnosed via ultrasonography. This report details a case of polyorchidism in a 13-year-old adolescent.

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Area of Science:

Urology
Pediatric Urology
Medical Imaging

Background:

Polyorchidism is a rare congenital anomaly characterized by the presence of more than two testes.
Fewer than 100 cases have been documented globally.
The most frequent presentation is triorchidism (three testes).

Purpose of the Study:

To report a case of polyorchidism in a 13-year-old adolescent.
To highlight the diagnostic features of polyorchidism.

Main Methods:

Diagnosis often relies on characteristic sonographic (ultrasound) features.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be utilized for diagnostic confirmation.

Main Results:

The case involved a 13-year-old adolescent diagnosed with polyorchidism.
Ultrasonography revealed characteristic findings consistent with the condition.

Conclusions:

Polyorchidism is an uncommon congenital genital anomaly.
Ultrasonography is a key diagnostic tool for identifying polyorchidism.
This case adds to the limited literature on polyorchidism in adolescents.