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Vitamins

Vitamins

Vitamins, derived from the Latin word for life, are essential organic substances required in small quantities for optimal growth and overall well-being. Unlike other organic nutrients, vitamins don't act as sources of energy or building materials but rather facilitate these nutrients' utilization by the body. Vitamins are predominantly coenzymes, assisting enzymes in specific chemical actions, like the oxidation of glucose for energy involving B vitamins. Most vitamins are not produced in our...

Role of Skin in Vitamin D Synthesis

Role of Skin in Vitamin D Synthesis

The skin plays a crucial role in the synthesis of vitamin D, a vital nutrient for various physiological processes in the body. Vitamin D is unique because it can be synthesized in the skin through a series of chemical reactions triggered by exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation from sunlight.
The solar UV B rays (290-315 nm) are absorbed by the skin, and 7-dehydrocholesterol (provitamin D3) photolyzes it to previtamin D3, which undergoes a rapid transformation to vitamin D3(cholecalciferol).

Connective Tissue Cell Types

Connective Tissue Cell Types

Connective tissue develops from the mesoderm of a developing embryo and consists of cells, fibers, and ground substance: a gel-like material containing large complexes of carbohydrates and proteins. Connective tissue was first identified as a separate tissue family in the 18th century, and Johannes Peter Muller coined the term connective tissue.
Fat cells (adipocytes), smooth muscle cells (myoblasts), and bone cells (osteoblasts) are some connective tissue cell types. Some immune system cells...

Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health

Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health

The growth and maintenance of bone are regulated by a combination of nutritional factors, including vitamins, such as vitamin A, B12, C, D, and K.
Vitamin A
Vitamin A is involved in the process of bone remodeling. Retinoic acid, the active metabolite of Vitamin A, has nuclear receptors in osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are involved in bone remodeling.
Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 acts as a cofactor during the formation of osteoblast-related proteins, such as osteocalcin. Vitamin B12 plays a role...

Bone Disorders

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...

Restless Leg Syndrome and Night Terrors

Restless Leg Syndrome and Night Terrors

Restless Leg Syndrome (RLS), also known as Willis-Ekbom disease, is a neurological disorder characterized by an uncontrollable urge to move the legs due to uncomfortable sensations. These sensations typically occur during periods of rest or inactivity, particularly when lying down or sitting, and can severely disrupt sleep.
The exact cause of RLS is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve dopamine, a neurotransmitter that helps regulate muscle movement. Imbalances in dopamine levels...

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Updated: May 23, 2026

A Method of Trigonometric Modelling of Seasonal Variation Demonstrated with Multiple Sclerosis Relapse Data

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Published on: December 9, 2015

Rickets-vitamin D deficiency and dependency.

Manisha Sahay¹, Rakesh Sahay

¹Department of Nephrology, Osmania Medical College and General Hospital, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism

|April 4, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Rickets, a bone-weakening condition, stems from vitamin D deficiency or inherited metabolic defects. This review focuses on these causes, excluding kidney-related rickets.

Keywords:

Osteomalacia Vitamin D Vitamin D deficiency Vitamin D dependent rickets rickets

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Methodology for Studying Interactions of Vitamin A Membrane Receptors and Opsin Protein with their Ligands in Generating the Retinylidene Protein

Methodology for Studying Interactions of Vitamin A Membrane Receptors and Opsin Protein with their Ligands in Generating the Retinylidene Protein

Published on: October 4, 2024

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A Method of Trigonometric Modelling of Seasonal Variation Demonstrated with Multiple Sclerosis Relapse Data

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Published on: December 9, 2015

Methodology for Studying Interactions of Vitamin A Membrane Receptors and Opsin Protein with their Ligands in Generating the Retinylidene Protein

Methodology for Studying Interactions of Vitamin A Membrane Receptors and Opsin Protein with their Ligands in Generating the Retinylidene Protein

Published on: October 4, 2024

Area of Science:

Pediatrics
Endocrinology
Nutritional Science

Background:

Rickets and osteomalacia remain significant global health issues, even in regions with ample sunlight.
Primary causes include nutritional deficiencies, particularly inadequate vitamin D and calcium intake.
Non-nutritional causes encompass hypophosphatemic rickets (renal phosphate wasting) and renal tubular acidosis.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the pathophysiology and clinical presentation of rickets/osteomalacia.
To highlight conditions arising from vitamin D deficiency.
To discuss inherited defects in vitamin D metabolism, known as vitamin D-dependent rickets.

Main Methods:

Literature review focusing on vitamin D deficiency and inherited vitamin D metabolism disorders.
Synthesis of information on rickets etiology and pathogenesis.
Exclusion of rickets related to hypophosphatemia and renal tubular acidosis for this specific review.

Main Results:

Vitamin D deficiency is a prevalent cause of rickets/osteomalacia.
Inherited defects in vitamin D metabolism lead to specific forms of rickets (vitamin D-dependent).
This chapter specifically addresses these nutritional and genetic causes.

Conclusions:

Vitamin D deficiency and inherited metabolic disorders are key contributors to rickets.
Understanding these causes is crucial for diagnosis and management.
Further investigation into other rickets etiologies is available in separate sections.