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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacodynamics in Geriatric Patients: Effects of Age01:27

Pharmacodynamics in Geriatric Patients: Effects of Age

Age-related pharmacokinetic changes are extensively documented, but understanding age-related pharmacodynamic alterations is relatively limited. This knowledge gap can be partly attributed to the complexity of developing appropriate measures of drug responses compared to bioanalytical methods for determining drug concentrations.Most information regarding age-related differences in human pharmacodynamics originates from cross-sectional studies. However, these studies assume that observed mean...
Longitudinal Research02:20

Longitudinal Research

Sometimes we want to see how people change over time, as in studies of human development and lifespan. When we test the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time, we are conducting longitudinal research. Longitudinal research is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time. For example, we may survey a group of individuals about their dietary habits at age 20, retest them a decade later at age 30, and then again...
Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Metabolism01:18

Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Metabolism

Geriatric patients show significant variation in how their bodies process medications, which can change how effective and safe treatments are. The liver is the primary organ where drug metabolism occurs, involving two main types of chemical reactions: phase I and II. Phase I metabolism is driven by the cytochrome P450 enzyme system, which includes key types such as CYP3A, CYP2D6, and CYP2C9. Research indicates that while aging doesn't notably alter the levels or activity of these enzymes, it...
Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Distribution01:00

Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Distribution

Drug distribution in the human body is influenced by several factors, including plasma protein concentration, body composition, blood flow, tissue-protein concentration, and tissue fluid pH. Among these, changes in plasma protein concentration and body composition due to aging significantly affect how drugs are distributed within the body. Specifically, aging is associated with a decrease in albumin levels by about 10% and an increase in α1-acid glycoprotein levels. These alterations are not...
Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Absorption01:22

Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Absorption

As individuals age, their body's physiology evolves, affecting drug pharmacokinetics. The most apparent changes occur in the gastrointestinal tract, where an increase in gastric pH, a delay in gastric emptying, and a reduction in gastrointestinal motility are observed. Remarkably, these changes do not substantially modify the absorption of orally administered drugs, particularly those absorbed via passive diffusion.Transdermal drug delivery emerges as a highly viable method for older adults due...
Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Excretion01:18

Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Excretion

In geriatric patients, renal physiology undergoes significant changes, including diminished renal blood flow and a lower glomerular filtration rate (GFR), leading to alterations in medication clearance. Drugs such as aminoglycoside antibiotics, lithium, and digoxin, which rely on glomerular filtration for removal from the body, particularly impact pharmacokinetics. These drugs tend to have slower clearance rates in older adults, necessitating careful dosage considerations.Evaluation of renal...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

Symmetric Bihemispheric Postmortem Brain Cutting to Study Healthy and Pathological Brain Conditions in Humans
08:29

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Published on: December 18, 2016

A population-based clinicopathological study in the oldest-old: the 90+ study.

Maria M Corrada1, Daniel J Berlau, Claudia H Kawas

  • 1Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-1400, USA. mcorrada@uci.edu

Current Alzheimer Research
|April 5, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Dementia pathology in the oldest-old shows poor association with cognitive decline. Many demented individuals lacked sufficient brain lesions, suggesting other factors contribute to dementia in this age group.

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Published on: December 18, 2016

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Abbiategrasso Brain Bank Protocol for Collecting, Processing and Characterizing Aging Brains
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Abbiategrasso Brain Bank Protocol for Collecting, Processing and Characterizing Aging Brains

Published on: June 3, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Gerontology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Population-based studies are crucial for understanding dementia risk factors.
  • The 90+ Study investigates aging, dementia, and neuropathology in individuals aged 90+.
  • This study focuses on autopsy data from the 90+ Autopsy Study.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze demographic and pathological data from the first 104 autopsied participants in The 90+ Autopsy Study.
  • To examine the relationship between common neuropathologies and dementia in the oldest-old.
  • To identify potential gaps in understanding dementia etiology in advanced age.

Main Methods:

  • Cognitive diagnoses assigned using DSM-IV criteria.
  • Neuropathological diagnoses made per the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease protocol.
  • Analysis of autopsy findings in 104 participants aged 90 and older.

Main Results:

  • Dementia was diagnosed in 61% of participants; 85% of these had Alzheimer's disease.
  • Common pathologies included neurofibrillary tangles, plaques, Lewy bodies, hippocampal sclerosis, and cerebral infarctions.
  • 22% of demented participants had insufficient pathology to explain cognitive loss, indicating poor lesion-dementia association.

Conclusions:

  • Common neuropathologies show a weak association with dementia in the oldest-old.
  • Extensive overlap in pathology exists between demented and non-demented individuals.
  • Further research is needed to identify unknown pathologies contributing to dementia in the oldest-old.