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Electrocardiogram

Electrocardiogram

An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a critical diagnostic tool that records the electrical signals produced by the heart during each heartbeat. This recording is achieved through electrodes placed strategically on the arms, legs, and chest. The electrocardiograph amplifies these signals and produces 12 distinct tracings, offering a comprehensive understanding of the heart's electrical activity.
Three major waveforms are present in a typical ECG recording: the P wave, the QRS complex, and the T...

Electrocardiogram Fundamentals

Electrocardiogram Fundamentals

Introduction
An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a diagnostic tool for identifying cardiac conditions such as arrhythmias, conduction abnormalities, and myocardial ischemia.
Definition
An electrocardiogram (ECG) visualizes the heart's electrical activity by tracing the electrical movement associated with each heartbeat on a graph or monitor. As the heart beats, an electrical wave passes through it, correlating with the cardiac cycle events.
Parts of an ECG
An ECG utilizes electrodes on the skin to...

ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias

ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias

Arrhythmia is a condition characterized by an irregular heart rhythm, with ECG changes that differ based on its origin and nature. The types of arrhythmias discussed below include atrial, junctional, and ventricular arrhythmias.Atrial ArrhythmiasPremature Atrial Complexes (PACs): PACs are early atrial beats caused by stress, caffeine, alcohol, electrolyte imbalances, hypoxia, hyperthyroidism, or certain medications (e.g., bronchodilators and decongestants). The ECG shows early P waves with an...

Mass Analyzers: Overview

Mass Analyzers: Overview

The mass analyzer is a crucial component of the mass spectrometer. In the ionization chamber, the vaporized sample is bombarded with a high-energy electron beam to generate a radical cation and further fragment into neutral molecules, radicals, and cations. A series of negatively charged accelerator plates accelerate the cations into the mass analyzer. The mass analyzer separates ions according to their mass-to-charge (m/z) ratios and then directs them to the detector. The common types of mass...

Dysrhythmias III: Characteristics of Dysrhythmias

Dysrhythmias III: Characteristics of Dysrhythmias

Dysrhythmias, also known as arrhythmias, are irregular heart rhythms that result from abnormal electrical activity in the heart, affecting its ability to circulate blood efficiently. Tachyarrhythmias, a subset of dysrhythmias, are characterized by abnormally fast heart rates exceeding 100 beats per minute. Here are some types of tachyarrhythmias with their distinct ECG features:Sinus Tachycardia:Sinus tachycardia presents a regular heart rhythm with an increased rate of 101-180 beats per minute.

Aliasing

Aliasing

Accurate signal sampling and reconstruction are crucial in various signal-processing applications. A time-domain signal's spectrum can be revealed using its Fourier transform. When this signal is sampled at a specific frequency, it results in multiple scaled replicas of the original spectrum in the frequency domain. The spacing of these replicas is determined by the sampling frequency.
If the sampling frequency is below the Nyquist rate, these replicas overlap, preventing the original signal...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

High-Resolution Endocardial and Epicardial Optical Mapping in a Sheep Model of Stretch-Induced Atrial Fibrillation

High-Resolution Endocardial and Epicardial Optical Mapping in a Sheep Model of Stretch-Induced Atrial Fibrillation

Published on: July 29, 2011

Improved frequency resolution for characterization of complex fractionated atrial electrograms.

Edward J Ciaccio¹, Angelo B Biviano, William Whang

¹Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA. ciaccio@columbia.edu

Biomedical Engineering Online

|April 5, 2012

Summary

A new spectral estimation technique offers superior analysis of complex fractionated atrial electrograms (CFAE) compared to traditional Fourier analysis. This method provides enhanced frequency resolution and accuracy for atrial fibrillation diagnostics.

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Area of Science:

Cardiovascular Electrophysiology
Signal Processing
Medical Diagnostics

Background:

Complex fractionated atrial electrograms (CFAE) analysis is crucial for understanding atrial fibrillation.
Fourier power spectrum analysis has limitations in spectral resolution for CFAE.
A novel spectral estimation technique offers potential improvements.

Purpose of the Study:

To compare the spectral resolution of a new spectral estimation technique against the Fourier radix-2 method for CFAE analysis.
To evaluate the accuracy and noise resilience of both methods.

Main Methods:

Acquired 216 CFAE from 20 atrial fibrillation patients.
Synthesized closely-spaced frequency components and added interference signals to test resolution.
Assessed the ability to resolve frequency components in the 3-10 Hz range using both techniques.

Main Results:

The new method achieved significantly better frequency resolution (0.16 Hz vs. 0.29 Hz) and lower peak misalignment error (±0.009 Hz vs. ±0.023 Hz).
Synthesized peaks were lost in the noise floor less frequently with the new method (4/105 vs. 13/105).
The new technique requires shorter data duration for equivalent frequency resolution.

Conclusions:

The new spectral estimation technique offers approximately double the spectral resolution of Fourier analysis for CFAE.
It provides more accurate frequency estimation and better peak detection above the noise floor.
This advancement can improve the diagnostic capabilities for atrial fibrillation.